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Environmentally sustainable and economic waste management is of significant importance to various fields, including the healthcare, mining, industrial, metal-processing, municipal and commercial sectors. This book provides a global perspective and covers a wide range of state-of-the-art topics on waste management, recycling, material and energy recovery, industrial waste, etc. Information in the form of in-depth reviews and research articles will be a valuable resource for academics, professionals and regional as well as international organizations.

thermo-electrochemical cell --- waste heat harvesting --- carbon fiber --- surface modification --- efficiency --- sustainability --- healthcare waste management --- Saudi Arabia --- social responsibility --- assessment method --- policy analysis --- solid wastes --- MSW --- industrial wastes --- iron/steel sector --- aluminium sector --- copper mining --- decision support system --- combustible MSW --- energy potential --- power potential --- selection of power plant --- dross --- roasting --- calcium chloride --- ammonium chloride --- impurities --- sublimation --- extraction --- zinc --- zinc oxide --- red mud --- iron recovery --- waste utilization --- smelting --- low grade iron ore --- reduction --- n/a

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The development of new technologies and the increasing demand for mineral resources from emerging countries are responsible for significant tensions in the pricing of non-ferrous metals. Some metals have become strategic and critical because they are used in many technological applications such as flat panel TVs (indium), solar panel cells (indium), lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles (lithium, cobalt), magnets (rare earth elements, such as neodymium and dysprosium), scintillators (rare earths), and aviation and medical applications (titanium); their availabilities remain limited. The secured supply of these metals is crucial to continue producing and exporting these technologies, and because the specific properties of these metals make them essential and difficult to substitute for a given industrial application. Hydrometallurgy have the advantages of being able to process low-grade ores, to allow better control of co-products, and have a lower environmental impact providing that the hydrometallurgical route is optimized and cheap. The need to develop sustainable, efficient, and cheap processes to extract metals from complex and poor polymetallic matrices is real. The aim of this book was to highlight recent advances related to hydrometallurgy to face new challenges in metal production.

n/a --- gold recovery --- metal extraction --- secondary raw materials --- degradation --- precipitation --- yttrium --- separation --- seawater --- chloride --- chalcopyrite --- metal recovery --- electrochemistry --- solvent extraction --- rare-earth elements --- cuprite --- scandium --- leaching --- surface product --- solid-liquid extraction --- phosphoric acid --- intermediate --- ionic liquids --- mercury ions --- chromium(VI) --- competitive adsorption --- voltammetry --- titanium --- liquid-liquid extraction --- WEEE --- value chain --- fayalite --- gold cyanidation --- reusability --- recovery --- platinum group metals --- refining --- tri-n-octylamine --- red mud --- electroleaching --- Alamine® 336 --- indium --- intensification behavior --- base metal production --- bauxite residue --- hydrometallurgy --- structure --- nickel iron oxide --- pregnant thiosulfate solutions --- resin adsorption technique --- ion exchange resin --- electrodeposition --- back-extraction --- eluent

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The proposed book is a compilation of a Special Issue on “Leaching of Rare Earth Elements from Various Sources”, published in the journal Minerals in 2020. There are 10 papers contributed by experts in the area, and these can be grouped into four categories: leaching from low-grade ores including coal, clay, soil, and red mud; pre-treatment and leaching; recycling; and precipitation and nano-hydrometallurgy. Although these articles are available in the journal Minerals, it is convenient to compile the most valuable information into a book form so that scholars and industrial practitioners can have easy access to it when they need it where the Internet is not easily available. I strongly believe that the book on a very specialized topic matter such as modern extraction technologies of rare earth elements will contribute greatly to the fast-growing industry that needs rare earth elements.

precipitation --- leaching --- complexation --- anion effect --- equilibrium calculation --- rare earth elements --- magnets --- recycling --- recovery --- fluorides --- modelling --- clay minerals --- grain size characteristics --- in situ leaching --- simulated leaching --- ion-absorbed type rare earth ore --- coal --- acid mine drainage --- coal combustion byproducts --- kinetics --- apparent activation energy --- rare-earth elements --- scandium --- alumina production --- sinter processes --- red mud --- electrostatic precipitation dust --- alkali leaching --- lanthanide separation --- magnetic nanohydrometallurgy --- complexing nanoparticles --- magnetic nanoparticles --- magnetophoresis --- monazite processing --- urban mining --- REE --- sulfuric acid baking --- caustic digestion --- acid leaching --- water leaching --- coal utilization byproducts --- pregnant leach solution --- underclay --- organic acid --- rare earths --- distribution factor --- selective precipitation --- oxalates --- organic complexes

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Unit metallurgical operations processes are usually separated into three categories: 1) hydrometallurgy (leaching, mixing, neutralization, precipitation, cementation, and crystallization); 2) pyrometallurgy (roasting and smelting); and 3) electrometallurgy (aqueous electrolysis and molten salt electrolysis). In hydrometallurgy, the aimed metal is first transferred from ores and concentrates to a solution using a selective dissolution (leaching or dry digestion) under an atmospheric pressure below 100 °C and under a high pressure (40-50 bar) and high temperature (below 270°C) in an autoclave. The purification of the obtained solution was performed using neutralization agents such as sodium hydroxide and calcium carbonate or more selective precipitation agents such as sodium carbonate and oxalic acid. The separation of metals is possible using a liquid/liquid process (solvent extraction in mixer-settler) and solid–liquid (filtration in filter-press under high pressure). Crystallization is the process by which a metallic compound is converted from a liquid into a solid crystalline state via a supersaturated solution. The final step is metal production using electrochemical methods (aqueous electrolysis for basic metals such as copper, zinc, silver, and molten salt electrolysis for rare earth elements and aluminum). Advanced processes, such as ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and microwave-assisted leaching, can be combined with reduction processes in order to produce metallic powders.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Mining technology & engineering --- zirconium --- eudialyte --- hydrometallurgy --- basic sulfate precipitation --- macroporous polymer --- goethite --- factorial design --- desorption --- tailings reprocessing --- early stage cost estimation --- magnetic separation --- leaching --- flotation --- silica --- ultrasonic spray pyrolysis --- synthesis --- acid mine drainage --- red mud --- neutralization --- immobilization --- precipitation --- nitinol --- continuous vertical cast (CVC), NiTi rod --- atomic layer deposition --- corrosion properties --- potentiodynamic test --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- rare earth elements --- recycling --- NdFeB --- magnet --- non-ferrous metals --- cavitation erosion --- optical microscopy --- electron microscopy --- atomic force microscopy --- aluminium --- thin-layer electrolysis --- molten salts --- halides --- capillary cell --- electrorefining --- non-commercial copper anode --- waste solution --- high content --- Ni --- Pb --- Sn --- Sb --- passivation --- anode slime --- pentlandite --- oxidation --- reaction mechanism --- phase analysis --- silver --- copper --- nanoparticles --- antibacterial --- MnO2 --- cobalt oxide Co3O4 --- perovskite materials --- oxygen reduction in alkaline media --- electrocatalyst --- Pt catalyst --- nanocomposite --- mixed oxides --- NiAl2O4 --- ZnAl2O4 --- electrocatalysis --- nanocatalyst --- noble metal nanoparticles --- leachate --- metal ions extraction --- selectivity --- Fe removal --- electrodeposition --- conductometry --- n/a

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Unit metallurgical operations processes are usually separated into three categories: 1) hydrometallurgy (leaching, mixing, neutralization, precipitation, cementation, and crystallization); 2) pyrometallurgy (roasting and smelting); and 3) electrometallurgy (aqueous electrolysis and molten salt electrolysis). In hydrometallurgy, the aimed metal is first transferred from ores and concentrates to a solution using a selective dissolution (leaching or dry digestion) under an atmospheric pressure below 100 °C and under a high pressure (40-50 bar) and high temperature (below 270°C) in an autoclave. The purification of the obtained solution was performed using neutralization agents such as sodium hydroxide and calcium carbonate or more selective precipitation agents such as sodium carbonate and oxalic acid. The separation of metals is possible using a liquid/liquid process (solvent extraction in mixer-settler) and solid–liquid (filtration in filter-press under high pressure). Crystallization is the process by which a metallic compound is converted from a liquid into a solid crystalline state via a supersaturated solution. The final step is metal production using electrochemical methods (aqueous electrolysis for basic metals such as copper, zinc, silver, and molten salt electrolysis for rare earth elements and aluminum). Advanced processes, such as ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and microwave-assisted leaching, can be combined with reduction processes in order to produce metallic powders.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Mining technology & engineering --- zirconium --- eudialyte --- hydrometallurgy --- basic sulfate precipitation --- macroporous polymer --- goethite --- factorial design --- desorption --- tailings reprocessing --- early stage cost estimation --- magnetic separation --- leaching --- flotation --- silica --- ultrasonic spray pyrolysis --- synthesis --- acid mine drainage --- red mud --- neutralization --- immobilization --- precipitation --- nitinol --- continuous vertical cast (CVC), NiTi rod --- atomic layer deposition --- corrosion properties --- potentiodynamic test --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- rare earth elements --- recycling --- NdFeB --- magnet --- non-ferrous metals --- cavitation erosion --- optical microscopy --- electron microscopy --- atomic force microscopy --- aluminium --- thin-layer electrolysis --- molten salts --- halides --- capillary cell --- electrorefining --- non-commercial copper anode --- waste solution --- high content --- Ni --- Pb --- Sn --- Sb --- passivation --- anode slime --- pentlandite --- oxidation --- reaction mechanism --- phase analysis --- silver --- copper --- nanoparticles --- antibacterial --- MnO2 --- cobalt oxide Co3O4 --- perovskite materials --- oxygen reduction in alkaline media --- electrocatalyst --- Pt catalyst --- nanocomposite --- mixed oxides --- NiAl2O4 --- ZnAl2O4 --- electrocatalysis --- nanocatalyst --- noble metal nanoparticles --- leachate --- metal ions extraction --- selectivity --- Fe removal --- electrodeposition --- conductometry