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Rare diseases, or orphan diseases, are those that individually affect a small number of patients, but taken together affect over 300 million people worldwide. They are characterized by their etiological, diagnostic and evolutionary complexity, important morbi-mortality, with high levels of disability that entail and hinder the development of a normal vital subject, not only in those who suffer from them, but also their families; therefore, a comprehensive social health approach is necessary to address this problem.About 80% of rare diseases have a genetic origin, mainly monogenic; thus, genetic testing is mandatory for the confirmation of clinical diagnostics and to ensure correct genetic counseling. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has enabled a revolution in genetic diseases, specially in rare diseases. However, their complexity makes diagnoses difficult even with the advent of NGS.In this Special Issue, we present several examples of the complexity of genetic diagnosis for most of these diseases and the consequences that genetic testing implies for genetic counseling. There are examples of the genetic heterogeneity of hearing loss, some metabolic and lisosomal disorders, ataxia, Prader–Willi syndrome, and three comprehensive reviews on syndromic retinal dystrophies, the complexity of the molecular diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders, and the value of genetic counseling before and after a genetic test.

Medicine --- retina --- inherited retinal diseases --- syndrome --- Turner syndrome --- mosaicism --- ring chromosomes --- growth hormone deficiency --- pituitary microadenoma --- clinical genetics --- early onset ataxia --- dystonia --- neurodevelopment --- network analysis --- bioinformatics --- ataxia --- phenotype --- child --- NGS --- next generation sequencing --- inborn errors of metabolism --- lysosomal disorders --- neuromuscular disease --- genetic testing --- whole exome sequencing --- Prader–Willi syndrome --- imprinting disorder --- recombinant human growth hormone --- insulin-like growth factor 1 --- HMGLD --- HMGCL --- HMG-CoA lyase deficiency --- inherited metabolic diseases --- familial hearing loss --- multiple diagnoses --- non-syndromic hearing loss --- ACTG1 --- MYH9 --- genetic counselling --- rare diseases --- professional recognition --- hearing loss --- genetic diagnosis --- SLC26A4 --- DFNB4 --- Tuvinians --- Altaians --- Southern Siberia --- Russia --- GSDME --- DFNA5 --- single-exon CNV --- n/a --- Prader-Willi syndrome

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Rare diseases, or orphan diseases, are those that individually affect a small number of patients, but taken together affect over 300 million people worldwide. They are characterized by their etiological, diagnostic and evolutionary complexity, important morbi-mortality, with high levels of disability that entail and hinder the development of a normal vital subject, not only in those who suffer from them, but also their families; therefore, a comprehensive social health approach is necessary to address this problem.About 80% of rare diseases have a genetic origin, mainly monogenic; thus, genetic testing is mandatory for the confirmation of clinical diagnostics and to ensure correct genetic counseling. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has enabled a revolution in genetic diseases, specially in rare diseases. However, their complexity makes diagnoses difficult even with the advent of NGS.In this Special Issue, we present several examples of the complexity of genetic diagnosis for most of these diseases and the consequences that genetic testing implies for genetic counseling. There are examples of the genetic heterogeneity of hearing loss, some metabolic and lisosomal disorders, ataxia, Prader–Willi syndrome, and three comprehensive reviews on syndromic retinal dystrophies, the complexity of the molecular diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders, and the value of genetic counseling before and after a genetic test.

retina --- inherited retinal diseases --- syndrome --- Turner syndrome --- mosaicism --- ring chromosomes --- growth hormone deficiency --- pituitary microadenoma --- clinical genetics --- early onset ataxia --- dystonia --- neurodevelopment --- network analysis --- bioinformatics --- ataxia --- phenotype --- child --- NGS --- next generation sequencing --- inborn errors of metabolism --- lysosomal disorders --- neuromuscular disease --- genetic testing --- whole exome sequencing --- Prader–Willi syndrome --- imprinting disorder --- recombinant human growth hormone --- insulin-like growth factor 1 --- HMGLD --- HMGCL --- HMG-CoA lyase deficiency --- inherited metabolic diseases --- familial hearing loss --- multiple diagnoses --- non-syndromic hearing loss --- ACTG1 --- MYH9 --- genetic counselling --- rare diseases --- professional recognition --- hearing loss --- genetic diagnosis --- SLC26A4 --- DFNB4 --- Tuvinians --- Altaians --- Southern Siberia --- Russia --- GSDME --- DFNA5 --- single-exon CNV --- n/a --- Prader-Willi syndrome

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Rare diseases, or orphan diseases, are those that individually affect a small number of patients, but taken together affect over 300 million people worldwide. They are characterized by their etiological, diagnostic and evolutionary complexity, important morbi-mortality, with high levels of disability that entail and hinder the development of a normal vital subject, not only in those who suffer from them, but also their families; therefore, a comprehensive social health approach is necessary to address this problem.About 80% of rare diseases have a genetic origin, mainly monogenic; thus, genetic testing is mandatory for the confirmation of clinical diagnostics and to ensure correct genetic counseling. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has enabled a revolution in genetic diseases, specially in rare diseases. However, their complexity makes diagnoses difficult even with the advent of NGS.In this Special Issue, we present several examples of the complexity of genetic diagnosis for most of these diseases and the consequences that genetic testing implies for genetic counseling. There are examples of the genetic heterogeneity of hearing loss, some metabolic and lisosomal disorders, ataxia, Prader–Willi syndrome, and three comprehensive reviews on syndromic retinal dystrophies, the complexity of the molecular diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders, and the value of genetic counseling before and after a genetic test.

Medicine --- retina --- inherited retinal diseases --- syndrome --- Turner syndrome --- mosaicism --- ring chromosomes --- growth hormone deficiency --- pituitary microadenoma --- clinical genetics --- early onset ataxia --- dystonia --- neurodevelopment --- network analysis --- bioinformatics --- ataxia --- phenotype --- child --- NGS --- next generation sequencing --- inborn errors of metabolism --- lysosomal disorders --- neuromuscular disease --- genetic testing --- whole exome sequencing --- Prader-Willi syndrome --- imprinting disorder --- recombinant human growth hormone --- insulin-like growth factor 1 --- HMGLD --- HMGCL --- HMG-CoA lyase deficiency --- inherited metabolic diseases --- familial hearing loss --- multiple diagnoses --- non-syndromic hearing loss --- ACTG1 --- MYH9 --- genetic counselling --- rare diseases --- professional recognition --- hearing loss --- genetic diagnosis --- SLC26A4 --- DFNB4 --- Tuvinians --- Altaians --- Southern Siberia --- Russia --- GSDME --- DFNA5 --- single-exon CNV --- retina --- inherited retinal diseases --- syndrome --- Turner syndrome --- mosaicism --- ring chromosomes --- growth hormone deficiency --- pituitary microadenoma --- clinical genetics --- early onset ataxia --- dystonia --- neurodevelopment --- network analysis --- bioinformatics --- ataxia --- phenotype --- child --- NGS --- next generation sequencing --- inborn errors of metabolism --- lysosomal disorders --- neuromuscular disease --- genetic testing --- whole exome sequencing --- Prader-Willi syndrome --- imprinting disorder --- recombinant human growth hormone --- insulin-like growth factor 1 --- HMGLD --- HMGCL --- HMG-CoA lyase deficiency --- inherited metabolic diseases --- familial hearing loss --- multiple diagnoses --- non-syndromic hearing loss --- ACTG1 --- MYH9 --- genetic counselling --- rare diseases --- professional recognition --- hearing loss --- genetic diagnosis --- SLC26A4 --- DFNB4 --- Tuvinians --- Altaians --- Southern Siberia --- Russia --- GSDME --- DFNA5 --- single-exon CNV