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The mammalian brain has a high degree of plasticity, with dentate granule cell neurogenesis(1) and glial(2,3) proliferation stimulated by an enriched environment combining both complex inanimate and social stimulation. Moreover, rodents exposed to an enriched environment both before and after a cerebral insult show improved cognitive performance(1,4). One of the most robust associations of environmental enrichment is improved learning and memory in the Morris water maze, a spatial task that mainly involves the hippocampus(5). Furthermore, clinical evidence showing an association between higher educational attainment and reduced risk of Alzheimer(6) and Parkinson-related dementia(7) indicates that a stimulating environment has positive effects on cerebral health that may provide some resilience to cerebral insults. Here we show that in addition to its effects on neurogenesis, an enriched environment reduces spontaneous apoptotic cell death in the rat hippocampus by 45%. Moreover, these environmental conditions protect against kainate-induced seizures and excitotoxic injury. The enriched environment induces expression of glial-derived neurotrophic factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor and increases phosphorylation of the transcription factor cyclic-AMP response element binding protein, indicating that the; influence of the environment on spontaneous apoptosis and cerebral resistance to insults may be mediated through transcription factor activation and induction of growth factor expression

Activation. --- Adult-rat. --- Association. --- Brain. --- Cell-death. --- Death. --- Enriched environment. --- Enriched. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Expression. --- Fibroblast growth-factor. --- Generated granule cells. --- Growth. --- Health. --- Hippocampal-neurons. --- Hippocampus. --- Increase. --- Increases. --- Induction. --- Injuries. --- Injury. --- Learning. --- Memory. --- Morris water maze. --- Neurogenesis. --- Neurotrophic factor. --- Nmda receptor activation. --- Phosphorylation. --- Plasticity. --- Progenitor cells. --- Protein. --- Rat dentate gyrus. --- Rat hippocampus. --- Rat. --- Resistance. --- Response. --- Risk. --- Rodent. --- Rodents. --- Seizure. --- Seizures. --- Social. --- Spatial task. --- Spatial. --- Stimulation. --- Task. --- Transcription.

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The number of males diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa) is increasing all over the world. Most patients with early-stage PCa can be treated with appropriate therapy, such as radical prostatectomy or irradiation. On the other hand, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard systemic therapy given to patients with advanced PCa. ADT induces temporary remission, but the majority of patients (approximately 60%) eventually progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is associated with a high mortality rate. Generally, well-differentiated PCa cells are androgen dependent, i.e., androgen receptor (AR) signalling regulates cell cycle and differentiation. The loss of AR signalling after ADT triggers androgen-independent outgrowth, generating poorly differentiated, uncontrollable PCa cells. Once PCa cells lose their sensitivity to ADT, effective therapies are limited. In the last few years, however, several new options for the treatment of CRPC have been approved, e.g., the CYP17 inhibitor, the AR antagonist, and the taxane. Despite this progress in the development of new drugs, there is a high medical need for optimizing the sequence and combination of approved drugs. Thus, the identification of predictive biomarkers may help in the context of personalized medicine to guide treatment decisions, improve clinical outcomes, and prevent unnecessary side effects. In this Special Issue Book, we focused on the cytobiology of human PCa cells and its clinical applications to develop a major step towards personalized medicine matched to the individual needs of patients with early-stage and advanced PCa and CRPC. We hope that this Special Issue Book attracts the attention of readers with expertise and interest in the cytobiology of PCa cells.

Medicine --- androgen receptor --- docetaxel --- cabazitaxel --- castration-resistant prostate cancer --- chemotherapy --- P-glycoprotein --- EPI-002 --- splice variant --- prostate-specific antigen --- androgen deprivation therapy --- time to PSA nadir --- fibroblasts --- prostate cancer --- androgen sensitivity --- pirfenidone --- TGFβ1 --- G1 cell cycle arrest --- fibroblast growth factor --- fibroblast growth factor receptor --- obesity --- inflammation --- immune cells --- cytokine --- high-fat diet --- KIFC1 --- docetaxel resistance --- apoptosis --- CW069 --- Caveolin-1 --- TP53-regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 --- tumour stroma --- tumour microenvironment --- fibroblast --- CAF --- resistance --- radiotherapy --- CCL2 --- CCL22 --- CCL5 --- migration --- LSD1 --- epigenetics --- autophagy --- abiraterone --- enzalutamide --- testosterone --- castration resistant prostate cancer --- animal model --- diet --- fat --- in vitro --- in vivo --- mouse --- AKR1C3 --- hormone-naïve prostate cancer --- immunohistochemistry --- tissue microarray --- androgen receptor dependency --- fibroblast-dependent androgen receptor activation

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This Special Issue of Cells on “Insulin-Like Growth Factors in Development, Cancers and Aging” provides a collection of modern articles dealing with the role of insulin-like growth factors (IGF1) in cancer biology, aging and development. Featured articles explore basic and clinical aspects of the IGF1 system, including post-genomic analyses as well as novel approaches to target the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) in oncology. The present Special Issue highlights some of the most important topics in the broad area of IGF research, including the role of IGF1 in aging and longevity, attempts to target the IGF1 axis in oncology, the role of IGF-binding proteins, structural aspects of IGF-II, etc. We trust that this assembly of articles will be of great help to students, basic researchers and practitioners.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- IGF-I --- IGF-II --- insulin --- IGF-IR --- IRs --- tyrosine kinase receptor --- GPCRs --- hybrids --- phosphorylation --- G-proteins --- β-arrestins --- functional RTK/GPCR hybrid --- nuclear translocation --- IGF-I receptor --- signaling --- targeted therapeutics --- IGF-Trap --- IGF system --- IGFBP-3 --- IGFBP-3R --- TMEM219 --- anti-tumor --- anti-metastatic --- agonists --- mAb therapy --- IGF-1 --- IGFBP-1 --- older adults --- longevity --- health-span --- age-related disease --- cognitive impairment --- diabetes --- mitochondria --- growth hormone --- insulin-like growth factor-1 --- aging --- oxidative stress --- senescence --- longitudinal study --- IGFBP --- mouse models --- skeletal muscle --- MSCs --- myogenesis --- glucose regulated protein (GRP) 94 --- insulin-like growth factor --- obligate chaperone --- hypertrophy --- atrophy --- cachexia --- muscle regeneration --- autophagy --- IGF-1R --- insulin receptor --- IR-A --- structural studies --- receptor activation --- n/a

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The number of males diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa) is increasing all over the world. Most patients with early-stage PCa can be treated with appropriate therapy, such as radical prostatectomy or irradiation. On the other hand, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard systemic therapy given to patients with advanced PCa. ADT induces temporary remission, but the majority of patients (approximately 60%) eventually progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is associated with a high mortality rate. Generally, well-differentiated PCa cells are androgen dependent, i.e., androgen receptor (AR) signalling regulates cell cycle and differentiation. The loss of AR signalling after ADT triggers androgen-independent outgrowth, generating poorly differentiated, uncontrollable PCa cells. Once PCa cells lose their sensitivity to ADT, effective therapies are limited. In the last few years, however, several new options for the treatment of CRPC have been approved, e.g., the CYP17 inhibitor, the AR antagonist, and the taxane. Despite this progress in the development of new drugs, there is a high medical need for optimizing the sequence and combination of approved drugs. Thus, the identification of predictive biomarkers may help in the context of personalized medicine to guide treatment decisions, improve clinical outcomes, and prevent unnecessary side effects. In this Special Issue Book, we focused on the cytobiology of human PCa cells and its clinical applications to develop a major step towards personalized medicine matched to the individual needs of patients with early-stage and advanced PCa and CRPC. We hope that this Special Issue Book attracts the attention of readers with expertise and interest in the cytobiology of PCa cells.

androgen receptor --- docetaxel --- cabazitaxel --- castration-resistant prostate cancer --- chemotherapy --- P-glycoprotein --- EPI-002 --- splice variant --- prostate-specific antigen --- androgen deprivation therapy --- time to PSA nadir --- fibroblasts --- prostate cancer --- androgen sensitivity --- pirfenidone --- TGFβ1 --- G1 cell cycle arrest --- fibroblast growth factor --- fibroblast growth factor receptor --- obesity --- inflammation --- immune cells --- cytokine --- high-fat diet --- KIFC1 --- docetaxel resistance --- apoptosis --- CW069 --- Caveolin-1 --- TP53-regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1 --- tumour stroma --- tumour microenvironment --- fibroblast --- CAF --- resistance --- radiotherapy --- CCL2 --- CCL22 --- CCL5 --- migration --- LSD1 --- epigenetics --- autophagy --- abiraterone --- enzalutamide --- testosterone --- castration resistant prostate cancer --- animal model --- diet --- fat --- in vitro --- in vivo --- mouse --- AKR1C3 --- hormone-naïve prostate cancer --- immunohistochemistry --- tissue microarray --- androgen receptor dependency --- fibroblast-dependent androgen receptor activation --- n/a --- hormone-naïve prostate cancer

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This Special Issue of Cells on “Insulin-Like Growth Factors in Development, Cancers and Aging” provides a collection of modern articles dealing with the role of insulin-like growth factors (IGF1) in cancer biology, aging and development. Featured articles explore basic and clinical aspects of the IGF1 system, including post-genomic analyses as well as novel approaches to target the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) in oncology. The present Special Issue highlights some of the most important topics in the broad area of IGF research, including the role of IGF1 in aging and longevity, attempts to target the IGF1 axis in oncology, the role of IGF-binding proteins, structural aspects of IGF-II, etc. We trust that this assembly of articles will be of great help to students, basic researchers and practitioners.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- IGF-I --- IGF-II --- insulin --- IGF-IR --- IRs --- tyrosine kinase receptor --- GPCRs --- hybrids --- phosphorylation --- G-proteins --- β-arrestins --- functional RTK/GPCR hybrid --- nuclear translocation --- IGF-I receptor --- signaling --- targeted therapeutics --- IGF-Trap --- IGF system --- IGFBP-3 --- IGFBP-3R --- TMEM219 --- anti-tumor --- anti-metastatic --- agonists --- mAb therapy --- IGF-1 --- IGFBP-1 --- older adults --- longevity --- health-span --- age-related disease --- cognitive impairment --- diabetes --- mitochondria --- growth hormone --- insulin-like growth factor-1 --- aging --- oxidative stress --- senescence --- longitudinal study --- IGFBP --- mouse models --- skeletal muscle --- MSCs --- myogenesis --- glucose regulated protein (GRP) 94 --- insulin-like growth factor --- obligate chaperone --- hypertrophy --- atrophy --- cachexia --- muscle regeneration --- autophagy --- IGF-1R --- insulin receptor --- IR-A --- structural studies --- receptor activation