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The paper augments Holmstrom's (1982) team production model in the context of aid effectiveness. The analysis shows how donor proliferation leads to inefficient supply of aid in the recipient country because of the free-riding problem faced by the donors. The empirical findings support the theoretical prediction with regard to donor proliferation. However, this raises the question whether the current efforts in the international aid community with regard to donor coordination can in fact solve the aid proliferation problem.

Aid --- Aid effectiveness --- Aid projects --- Aid recipients --- Coastal and Marine Environment --- Development Assistance --- Development Economics and Aid Effectiveness --- Development issues --- Development policies --- Disability --- Economic growth --- Education --- Effectiveness of aid --- Environment --- Gender --- Gender and Health --- Global Development --- International aid --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Policy Research --- Policy Research Working Paper --- Population size --- Progress --- Recipient countries --- Recipient country --- Recipient government --- Recipient governments --- School Health --- Social Protections and Labor

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Picea --- Ensemencement --- Sowing --- Arbre forestier --- forest trees --- Planting stock --- Plantation forestière --- Forest plantations --- Récipient --- Containers --- Racine --- Roots --- Enracinement --- Rooting --- Fertilisation --- Fertilizer application --- Picea mariana --- Canada --- fertilization --- seedlings

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Akh Purattim ou « les rives de l'Eupkrate » est une des expressions utilisées au xviiie siècle av. J.-C. pour désigner le royaume de Mari, qui s’étendait de la confluence du Khabour au verrou de Bagbouz, actuellement à la frontière syro-irakienne. La série ainsi dénommée, précisée par son sous-titre Mémoires d’archéologie et d’histoire régionales interdisciplinaires, est destinée à devenir le point de rencontre des recherches historiques, archéologiques, épigraphiques ou archéométriques sur la région, en faisant en priorité appel aux travaux engagés par les diverses missions, françaises (Mari, Terqa...) et étrangères, en particulier pour la publication de leurs rapports préliminaires. Mais le titre peut également être pris dans une acception géographique beaucoup plus vaste et héberger des études qui s’intéressent le plus largement possible au rôle de cette confluence dans le jeu syro-mésopotamien tout au long de l’Antiquité. Akh Purattim or “the hanks of the Euphrates is one of the expressions used in the 18th century B.C. to designate the kingdom of Mari, which extended from the confluence of the Khahur to the glacial cross cliff of Baghuz, today the Syrian-Iraqi harder. The series thus named, defined by its subtitle Mémoires darchéologie et d’histoire régionales interdisciplinaires, is intended to become the meeting point for historical, archaeological, epigraphic and archaeometric research on the region, with priority given to the work conducted by the various missions, Trench (Man, Terqa...) as well as foreign, in particular the publication of their preliminary reports. But the title can also include a larger geographic area and cover studies which arc concerned as widely as possible with the role of this confluence in Syro-Mesopotamian history throughout Antiquity.

History & Archaeology --- archaeology --- Antiquity --- bone --- ceramic --- temple --- funerary practice --- excavation report --- palace --- Syria --- botanique --- habitat --- iconographie --- palais --- terre cuite --- bronze --- statuaire --- récipient --- empreinte de sceau --- archéométrie --- céramique (style) --- bitume --- technologie du métal

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Is generalized debt relief an effective development strategy, or should assistance be tailored to countries' characteristics? To answer this question, the authors build a simple model in which recipient governments reveal their creditworthiness if donors offer them to choose between aid and debt relief. Since offering such a menu is costly, it is preferred by donors only when the cost of assistance is low, and the probability that an indebted country is creditworthy is high enough. For lower probabilities and higher costs of assistance, donors prefer a policy of only debt relief. Very limited aid is the preferred policy only for high costs of assistance, and low probabilities that the government is creditworthy.

Access to Finance --- Aid --- Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Credit worthiness --- Debt Markets --- Debt relief --- Donors --- External Debt --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Recipient governments

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Container gardening --- Plants, Potted --- Potting soils --- Equipment and supplies --- Handbooks, manuals, etc --- Plante en pot --- Pot plants --- Récipient --- Containers --- Plante ligneuse --- woody plants --- Pratique culturale --- Cultivation --- Réponse de la plante --- Plant response --- Multiplication végétative --- Vegetative propagation --- Plant and Crop Sciences. Crop Sciences --- Crop Husbandry --- Plant Propagation --- Plant Propagation. --- Culture en pots --- Culture en conteneurs --- Inra