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Milk is an important source of cash and nutrients for many households in developing countries. Yet, the understanding of the role of dairy production in livelihoods and nutritional outcomes is hindered by the lack of decent quality household survey data. Data on milk off-take for human consumption are difficult to collect in household surveys for several reasons that make accurate recall challenging for the respondent (continuous production and seasonality, among others). As a result, the quantification and valuation of milk off-take is particularly difficult in household surveys, introducing possibly severe biases in the computation of full household incomes and farm sales, as well as in the estimation of the contribution of livestock (specifically dairy) production in agricultural value added and the livelihoods of rural households. This paper presents results from a validation exercise implemented in Niger, where alternative survey instruments based on recall methods were administered to randomly selected households and compared with a 12-month system of physical monitoring and recording of milk production. The results of the exercise show that reasonably accurate estimates via recall methods are possible and provide a clear ranking of questionnaire design options that can inform future survey operations.

Household Surveys --- Livelihoods --- Livestock --- Milk --- Questionnaire Design

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Misreporting is a well-known challenge for researchers in social sciences. This issue is especially prevalent if incentives for misreporting exist, for example, to claim certain benefits or hide illegal behavior. Internally displaced persons are a population that is highly dependent on aid receipts and, thus, have strong incentives to underreport consumption levels. To improve reporting for such vulnerable populations, this paper proposes to integrate "honesty primes" into the consumption module of the questionnaire. Honesty primes are unconscious stimuli that induce a certain cognition or behavior. The study assesses the effectiveness of a bundle of randomly assigned primes within a sample of internally displaced persons in South Sudan. In line with the main hypothesis, positive and significant effects arise for low consumption quantiles, especially consumption quantities that are more susceptible to manipulation. Hence, honesty primes can act as a cost-effective tool to induce more accurate reporting. Further research is needed to identify more effective primes for the respective population of interest.

Consumption --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Demand --- Gender and Development --- IDPS --- Incentives --- Inequality --- Internally Displaced Persons --- Law and Development --- Law and Justice Institutions --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Questionnaire Design

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Individual-level employment data have a wide range of applications. They are used to monitor labor markets and the Sustainable Development Goals, contribute to understanding and explaining socioeconomic conditions, and may help to design and inform labor market policies. This paper is relevant for academics and policy makers who want to understand the main survey design issues behind the collection of individual-level employment data in nationally representative household surveys and the implications for data quality, particularly for women and young people. The paper reviews four survey programs (Living Standards Measurement Study, Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture, Labor Force Surveys, and Demographic and Health Surveys) in 14 developing countries. First, the paper reviews the Sustainable Development Goals to identify a core set of labor market indicators and briefly discusses the International Labour Organization's definitions of key concepts that shape these indicators. Second, it assesses whether the Sustainable Development Goals labor market indicators are captured in the reviewed surveys. Third, it takes stock of current approaches to collect employment data and discusses critical survey design features, such as the structure of the labor module and the wording of the questions. Fourth, the paper examines whether these survey design features are gender and age neutral. Data from the Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture are used to illustrate these issues. The paper concludes by proposing short- and medium-term objectives to improve the data quality in the Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture.

Employment --- Employment and Unemployment --- Household Surveys --- Labor and Employment Law --- Labor Markets --- Law and Development --- LSMS-ISA --- Measurement --- Questionnaire Design --- Rural Development --- Rural Labor Markets --- SDGs --- Social Protections and Labor --- Sustainable Development Goals --- Wages, Compensation and Benefits --- Work --- Youth

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Psychometrics --- Questionnaires --- Psychometrics. --- Surveys and Questionnaires. --- Measurement, Mental --- Measurement, Psychological --- Psychological measurement --- Psychological scaling --- Psychological statistics --- Psychology --- Psychometry (Psychophysics) --- Scaling, Psychological --- Psychological tests --- Scaling (Social sciences) --- Baseline Survey --- Community Surveys --- Methodology, Survey --- Nonrespondents --- Questionnaire Design --- Randomized Response Technique --- Repeated Rounds of Survey --- Respondents --- Survey Methodology --- Survey Methods --- Surveys --- Baseline Surveys --- Community Survey --- Design, Questionnaire --- Designs, Questionnaire --- Methods, Survey --- Nonrespondent --- Questionnaire --- Questionnaire Designs --- Questionnaires and Surveys --- Randomized Response Techniques --- Respondent --- Response Technique, Randomized --- Response Techniques, Randomized --- Survey --- Survey Method --- Survey, Baseline --- Survey, Community --- Surveys, Baseline --- Surveys, Community --- Techniques, Randomized Response --- Psychometric --- Statistics as Topic --- Measurement --- Scaling --- Methodology --- Questionnaires. --- Surveys and Questionnaires

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The American National Election Studies (ANES) is the premier social science survey program devoted to voting and elections. Conducted during the presidential election years and midterm Congressional elections, the survey is based on interviews with voters and delves into why they make certain choices. In this edited volume, John Aldrich and Kathleen McGraw bring together a group of leading social scientists that developed and tested new measures that might be added to the ANES, with the ultimate goal of extending scholarly understanding of the causes and consequences of electoral outcomes. The contributors--leading experts from several disciplines in the fields of polling, public opinion, survey methodology, and elections and voting behavior--illuminate some of the most important questions and results from the ANES 2006 pilot study. They look at such varied topics as self-monitoring in the expression of political attitudes, personal values and political orientations, alternate measures of political trust, perceptions of similarity and disagreement in partisan groups, measuring ambivalence about government, gender preferences in politics, and the political issues of abortion, crime, and taxes. Testing new ideas in the study of politics and the political psychology of voting choices and turnout, this collection is an invaluable resource for all students and scholars working to understand the American electorate.

Public opinion --- Elections --- Public opinion polls --- Election forecasting --- Electoral politics --- Franchise --- Polls --- Political science --- Politics, Practical --- Plebiscite --- Political campaigns --- Representative government and representation --- Opinion polls --- Polls, Public opinion --- Public opinion research --- Straw votes --- Social surveys --- Market surveys --- Public opinion. --- Research --- 2006 ANES Pilot Study. --- ANES update. --- ANES. --- American National Election Studies. --- Online Commons. --- abortion. --- crime. --- elections. --- gold standard. --- personality characteristics. --- pilot studies. --- political attitudes. --- political controversy. --- political orientation. --- political topics. --- political trust. --- public opinion surveys. --- public opinion. --- question battery. --- questionnaire design. --- self-monitoring. --- social science survey. --- social science. --- survey design. --- survey research. --- taxes. --- voting behavior. --- voting. --- United States