Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

In disordered solids, two-level atomic-tunneling systems are present in large quantity. Only recently, superconducting qubits opened a door for a detection and individual coherent manipulation of such microscopic quantum systems. We succeeded to tune the resonance frequencies of these systems by applying external strain on the qubit chip. Moreover, we observed and analyzed the interaction between two coupled tunneling systems.

two-level systemQuantenbit --- Qubit --- qubit --- Superconducting qubit --- TunnelsystemQuantum bit --- TLS --- tunneling system --- phase qubit

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This open access book makes quantum computing more accessible than ever before. A fast-growing field at the intersection of physics and computer science, quantum computing promises to have revolutionary capabilities far surpassing “classical” computation. Getting a grip on the science behind the hype can be tough: at its heart lies quantum mechanics, whose enigmatic concepts can be imposing for the novice. This classroom-tested textbook uses simple language, minimal math, and plenty of examples to explain the three key principles behind quantum computers: superposition, quantum measurement, and entanglement. It then goes on to explain how this quantum world opens up a whole new paradigm of computing. The book bridges the gap between popular science articles and advanced textbooks by making key ideas accessible with just high school physics as a prerequisite. Each unit is broken down into sections labelled by difficulty level, allowing the course to be tailored to the student’s experience of math and abstract reasoning. Problem sets and simulation-based labs of various levels reinforce the concepts described in the text and give the reader hands-on experience running quantum programs. This book can thus be used at the high school level after the AP or IB exams, in an extracurricular club, or as an independent project resource to give students a taste of what quantum computing is really about. At the college level, it can be used as a supplementary text to enhance a variety of courses in science and computing, or as a self-study guide for students who want to get ahead. Additionally, readers in business, finance, or industry will find it a quick and useful primer on the science behind computing’s future.

Particle & high-energy physics --- Computer science --- Teaching of a specific subject --- Quantum Physics --- Quantum Computing --- Computer Science, general --- Science Education --- Quantum Information Technology, Spintronics --- Computer Science --- Spintronics --- Open Access --- Introduction to quantum computing --- quantum computing textbook --- quantum computing for high school students --- introduction to quantum cryptography --- quantum gates --- quantum algorithms --- quantum superposition --- what is a qubit? --- quantum key distribution --- Quantum physics (quantum mechanics & quantum field theory) --- Mathematical theory of computation --- Science: general issues

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This book presents the current views of leading physicists on the bizarre property of quantum theory: nonlocality. Einstein viewed this theory as “spooky action at a distance” which, together with randomness, resulted in him being unable to accept quantum theory. The contributions in the book describe, in detail, the bizarre aspects of nonlocality, such as Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen steering and quantum teleportation—a phenomenon which cannot be explained in the framework of classical physics, due its foundations in quantum entanglement. The contributions describe the role of nonlocality in the rapidly developing field of quantum information. Nonlocal quantum effects in various systems, from solid-state quantum devices to organic molecules in proteins, are discussed. The most surprising papers in this book challenge the concept of the nonlocality of Nature, and look for possible modifications, extensions, and new formulations—from retrocausality to novel types of multiple-world theories. These attempts have not yet been fully successful, but they provide hope for modifying quantum theory according to Einstein’s vision.

Stern–Gerlach experiment --- channel entropy --- non-locality --- nonsignaling --- retro-causal channel --- communication complexity --- controlled-NOT --- Bell test --- quantum measurement --- quantum mechanics --- quantum transport --- semiconductor nanodevices --- optimization --- quantum correlation --- PR Box --- non-linear Schrödinger model --- retrocausality --- entanglement --- device-independent --- Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen argument --- quantum nonlocality --- parallel lives --- PR box --- nonlocal correlations --- hypothesis testing --- quantum bounds --- channel capacity --- Wigner-function simulations --- quantum correlations --- quantum --- pre- and post-selected systems --- local hidden variables --- density-matrix formalism --- collapse of the quantum state --- local polytope --- quantum teleportation of unknown qubit --- parity measurements --- uncertainty relations --- nonlocality --- hybrid entanglement --- selectivity filter --- p-value --- steering --- axioms for quantum theory --- no-signalling --- ion channels --- KS Box --- EPR steering --- local realism --- Non-contextuality inequality --- entropic uncertainty relation --- continuous-variable states --- nonlocal dissipation models --- Bell’s theorem --- tsallis entropy --- classical limit --- general entropies --- pigeonhole principle --- biological quantum decoherence --- discrete-variable states

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Fuzzy Logic is a good model for the human ability to compute words. It is based on the theory of fuzzy set. A fuzzy set is different from a classical set because it breaks the Law of the Excluded Middle. In fact, an item may belong to a fuzzy set and its complement at the same time and with the same or different degree of membership. The degree of membership of an item in a fuzzy set can be any real number included between 0 and 1. This property enables us to deal with all those statements of which truths are a matter of degree. Fuzzy logic plays a relevant role in the field of Artificial Intelligence because it enables decision-making in complex situations, where there are many intertwined variables involved. Traditionally, fuzzy logic is implemented through software on a computer or, even better, through analog electronic circuits. Recently, the idea of using molecules and chemical reactions to process fuzzy logic has been promoted. In fact, the molecular word is fuzzy in its essence. The overlapping of quantum states, on the one hand, and the conformational heterogeneity of large molecules, on the other, enable context-specific functions to emerge in response to changing environmental conditions. Moreover, analog input–output relationships, involving not only electrical but also other physical and chemical variables can be exploited to build fuzzy logic systems. The development of “fuzzy chemical systems” is tracing a new path in the field of artificial intelligence. This new path shows that artificially intelligent systems can be implemented not only through software and electronic circuits but also through solutions of properly chosen chemical compounds. The design of chemical artificial intelligent systems and chemical robots promises to have a significant impact on science, medicine, economy, security, and wellbeing. Therefore, it is my great pleasure to announce a Special Issue of Molecules entitled “The Fuzziness in Molecular, Supramolecular, and Systems Chemistry.” All researchers who experience the Fuzziness of the molecular world or use Fuzzy logic to understand Chemical Complex Systems will be interested in this book.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- fuzzy logic --- complexity --- chemical artificial intelligence --- human nervous system --- fuzzy proteins --- conformations --- photochromic compounds --- qubit --- protein dynamics --- conformational heterogeneity --- promiscuity --- fuzzy complexes --- higher-order structures --- protein evolution --- fuzzy set theory --- artificial intelligence --- GCN4 mimetic --- peptides–DNA --- E:Z photoisomerization --- conformational fuzziness --- photoelectrochemistry --- wide bandgap semiconductor --- artificial neuron --- in materio computing --- neuromorphic computing --- intrinsically disordered protein --- intrinsically disordered protein region --- liquid–liquid phase transition --- protein–protein interaction --- protein–nucleic acid interaction --- proteinaceous membrane-less organelle --- fuzzy complex. --- d-TST --- activation energy --- Transitivity plot --- solution kinetic --- Maxwell–Boltzmann path --- Euler’s formula for the exponential --- activation --- transitivity --- transport phenomena --- moonlighting proteins --- intrinsically disordered proteins --- metamorphic proteins --- morpheeins --- n/a --- peptides-DNA --- liquid-liquid phase transition --- protein-protein interaction --- protein-nucleic acid interaction --- Maxwell-Boltzmann path --- Euler's formula for the exponential

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The first quantum revolution started in the early 20th century and gave us new rules that govern physical reality. Accordingly, many devices that changed dramatically our lifestyle, such as transistors, medical scanners and lasers, appeared in the market. This was the origin of quantum technology, which allows us to organize and control the components of a complex system governed by the laws of quantum physics. This is in sharp contrast to conventional technology, which can only be understood within the framework of classical mechanics. We are now in the middle of a second quantum revolution. Although quantum mechanics is nowadays a mature discipline, quantum engineering as a technology is now emerging in its own right. We are about to manipulate and sense individual particles, measuring and exploiting their quantum properties. This is bringing major technical advances in many different areas, including computing, sensors, simulations, cryptography and telecommunications. The present collection of selected papers is a clear demonstration of the tremendous vitality of the field. The issue is composed of contributions from world leading researchers in quantum optics and quantum information, and presents viewpoints, both theoretical and experimental, on a variety of modern problems.

entangled states --- two atoms --- two-modes --- cavity QED setup --- entanglement --- interference phenomenon --- superposition of quantum states --- quantum tomograms --- quantum optics --- nonclassicality --- quantum resource theories --- non-Gaussianity --- photon-number-resolving detectors --- multiport devices --- Fock states --- quantum tomography --- photon losses --- relativistic dynamics --- no-interaction theorem --- world line condition --- circular gauge --- Landau gauge --- arbitrary linear gauge --- stepwise variation --- center-of-orbit coordinates --- relative coordinates --- elliptic and hyperbolic solenoids --- angular momentum --- magnetic moment --- squeezing --- mutually unbiased bases --- group representations --- graphs --- quantum information --- E = mc2 from Heisenberg’s uncertainty relations --- one symmetry for quantum mechanics and special relativity --- coherent states --- harmonic oscillator --- SU(2) coherent states --- 2D coherent states --- resolution of the identity --- uncertainty principle --- isotropic harmonic oscillator --- anisotropic harmonic oscillator --- Sudarshan --- apology --- non-hermitian operators --- real spectrum --- nonlinear algebras --- nonclassical states --- bound entanglement --- entanglement witness --- Hilbert–Schmidt measure --- optimization algorithms --- probability representation --- quantizer–dequantizer --- qubit --- quantum suprematism --- n/a --- E = mc2 from Heisenberg's uncertainty relations --- Hilbert-Schmidt measure --- quantizer-dequantizer --- Research.