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With the emergence of Systems Biology, there is a greater realization that the whole behavior of a living system may not be simply described as the sum of its elements. To represent a living system using mathematical principles, practical quantities with units are required. Quantities are not only the bridge between mathematical description and biological observations; they often stand as essential elements similar to genome information in genetics. This important realization has greatly rejuvenated research in the area of Quantitative Biology. Because of the increased need for precise quantification, a new era of technological development has opened. For example, spatio-temporal high-resolution imaging enables us to track single molecule behavior in vivo. Clever artificial control of experimental conditions and molecular structures has expanded the variety of quantities that can be directly measured. In addition, improved computational power and novel algorithms for analyzing theoretical models have made it possible to investigate complex biological phenomena. This research topic is organized on two aspects of technological advances which are the backbone of Quantitative Biology: (i) visualization of biomolecules, their dynamics and function, and (ii) generic technologies of model optimization and numeric integration. We have also included articles highlighting the need for new quantitative approaches to solve some of the long-standing cell biology questions. In the first section on visualizing biomolecules, four cutting-edge techniques are presented. Ichimura et al. provide a review of quantum dots including their basic characteristics and their applications (for example, single particle tracking). Horisawa discusses a quick and stable labeling technique using click chemistry with distinct advantages compared to fluorescent protein tags. The relatively small physical size, stability of covalent bond and simple metabolic labeling procedures in living cells provides this type of technology a potential to allow long-term imaging with least interference to protein function. Obien et al. review strategies to control microelectrodes for detecting neuronal activity and discuss techniques for higher resolution and quality of recordings using monolithic integration with on-chip circuitry. Finally, the original research article by Amariei et al. describes the oscillatory behavior of metabolites in bacteria. They describe a new method to visualize the periodic dynamics of metabolites in large scale cultures populations. These four articles contribute to the development of quantitative methods visualizing diverse targets: proteins, electrical signals and metabolites. In the second section of the topic, we have included articles on the development of computational tools to fully harness the potential of quantitative measurements through either calculation based on specific model or validation of the model itself. Kimura et al. introduce optimization procedures to search for parameters in a quantitative model that can reproduce experimental data. They present four examples: transcriptional regulation, bacterial chemotaxis, morphogenesis of tissues and organs, and cell cycle regulation. The original research article by Sumiyoshi et al. presents a general methodology to accelerate stochastic simulation efforts. They introduce a method to achieve 130 times faster computation of stochastic models by applying GPGPU. The strength of such accelerated numerical calculation are sometimes underestimated in biology; faster simulation enables multiple runs and in turn improved accuracy of numerical calculation which may change the final conclusion of modeling study. This also highlights the need to carefully assess simulation results and estimations using computational tools.

fluorescence chemistry --- numerical integration --- molecular crowding --- quantum dot --- cell division --- data visualization --- imaging --- model optimization --- GPGPU

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With the emergence of Systems Biology, there is a greater realization that the whole behavior of a living system may not be simply described as the sum of its elements. To represent a living system using mathematical principles, practical quantities with units are required. Quantities are not only the bridge between mathematical description and biological observations; they often stand as essential elements similar to genome information in genetics. This important realization has greatly rejuvenated research in the area of Quantitative Biology. Because of the increased need for precise quantification, a new era of technological development has opened. For example, spatio-temporal high-resolution imaging enables us to track single molecule behavior in vivo. Clever artificial control of experimental conditions and molecular structures has expanded the variety of quantities that can be directly measured. In addition, improved computational power and novel algorithms for analyzing theoretical models have made it possible to investigate complex biological phenomena. This research topic is organized on two aspects of technological advances which are the backbone of Quantitative Biology: (i) visualization of biomolecules, their dynamics and function, and (ii) generic technologies of model optimization and numeric integration. We have also included articles highlighting the need for new quantitative approaches to solve some of the long-standing cell biology questions. In the first section on visualizing biomolecules, four cutting-edge techniques are presented. Ichimura et al. provide a review of quantum dots including their basic characteristics and their applications (for example, single particle tracking). Horisawa discusses a quick and stable labeling technique using click chemistry with distinct advantages compared to fluorescent protein tags. The relatively small physical size, stability of covalent bond and simple metabolic labeling procedures in living cells provides this type of technology a potential to allow long-term imaging with least interference to protein function. Obien et al. review strategies to control microelectrodes for detecting neuronal activity and discuss techniques for higher resolution and quality of recordings using monolithic integration with on-chip circuitry. Finally, the original research article by Amariei et al. describes the oscillatory behavior of metabolites in bacteria. They describe a new method to visualize the periodic dynamics of metabolites in large scale cultures populations. These four articles contribute to the development of quantitative methods visualizing diverse targets: proteins, electrical signals and metabolites. In the second section of the topic, we have included articles on the development of computational tools to fully harness the potential of quantitative measurements through either calculation based on specific model or validation of the model itself. Kimura et al. introduce optimization procedures to search for parameters in a quantitative model that can reproduce experimental data. They present four examples: transcriptional regulation, bacterial chemotaxis, morphogenesis of tissues and organs, and cell cycle regulation. The original research article by Sumiyoshi et al. presents a general methodology to accelerate stochastic simulation efforts. They introduce a method to achieve 130 times faster computation of stochastic models by applying GPGPU. The strength of such accelerated numerical calculation are sometimes underestimated in biology; faster simulation enables multiple runs and in turn improved accuracy of numerical calculation which may change the final conclusion of modeling study. This also highlights the need to carefully assess simulation results and estimations using computational tools.

fluorescence chemistry --- numerical integration --- molecular crowding --- quantum dot --- cell division --- data visualization --- imaging --- model optimization --- GPGPU

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Biomedical materials. --- Medical electronics. --- Quantum dots. --- Quantum Dots. --- Biomedical Technology --- Biomedical and Dental Materials. --- Electronics, Medical. --- Graphite. --- Carbon. --- Dots, Quantum --- Semiconductor quantum dots --- Quantum electronics --- Semiconductors --- Biomedical electronics --- Electronics in clinical medicine --- Electronics in medicine --- Biomedical engineering --- Electronics --- Bioartificial materials --- Biocompatible materials --- Biomaterials (Biomedical materials) --- Hemocompatible materials --- Medical materials --- Medicine --- Materials --- Biocompatibility --- Prosthesis --- Carbon-12 --- Vitreous Carbon --- Carbon 12 --- Carbon, Vitreous --- Graphene --- Medical Electronics --- Biomedical Engineering --- Biomedical Technologies --- Technology, Biomedical --- Technology, Health --- Technology, Health Care --- Health Care Technology --- Health Technology --- Medical Informatics --- Semiconductor Nanoparticles --- Nanocrystals, Semiconductor --- Semiconductor Nanocrystals --- Dot, Quantum --- Nanocrystal, Semiconductor --- Nanoparticle, Semiconductor --- Nanoparticles, Semiconductor --- Quantum Dot --- Semiconductor Nanocrystal --- Semiconductor Nanoparticle

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Symmetry is one of the most important notions in natural science; it lies at the heart of fundamental laws of nature and serves as an important tool for understanding the properties of complex systems, both classical and quantum. Another trend, which has in recent years undergone intensive development, is mesoscopic physics. This branch of physics also combines classical and quantum ideas and methods. Two main directions can be distinguished in mesoscopic physics. One is the study of finite quantum systems of mesoscopic sizes. Such systems, which are between the atomic and macroscopic scales, exhibit a variety of novel phenomena and find numerous applications in creating modern electronic and spintronic devices. At the same time, the behavior of large systems can be influenced by mesoscopic effects, which provides another direction within the framework of mesoscopic physics. The aim of the present book is to emphasize the phenomena that lie at the crossroads between the concept of symmetry and mesoscopic physics.

Research & information: general --- Bose systems --- asymptotic symmetry breaking --- Bose–Einstein condensation --- particle fluctuations --- stability of Bose systems --- fractals --- small-angle scattering --- form factor --- structural properties --- dimension spectra --- pair distance distribution function --- stochastic dynamics --- symmetry breaking --- field-theoretic renormalization group --- Bose–Einstein condensates --- density --- position variance --- momentum variance --- angular-momentum variance --- harmonic-interaction model --- MCTDHB --- particle-hole symmetry --- metal–insulator transition --- random gap model --- Monte Carlo simulations --- structure factor --- quantum droplet --- binary Bose–Einstein condensate --- modulational instability --- graphene --- ripple --- transport --- symmetry --- quantum dot --- Kramers degeneracy --- spin-orbit interaction --- tight-binding approach --- Bose-Einstein condensates --- Josephson oscillations --- spontaneous symmetry breaking --- Thomas-Fermi approximation --- dynamical chaos --- ground states --- perturbation theory

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Semiconductor lasers are key components in many optical systems due to their advantages, including their small size, low cost, high efficiency, and low power consumption. It is well-known that semiconductor lasers under external perturbations, such as optical injection, optical feedback, or delayed coupling can exhibit a large variety of complex dynamical behaviors. Nowadays, cutting-edge engineering applications based on the complex dynamics of diode lasers are being conducted in areas, such as optical communications, optical signal processing, encoded communications, neuro-inspired ultra-fast optical computing devices, microwave signal generation, RADAR and LIDAR applications, biomedical imaging, and broadband spectroscopy. The prospects for these applications are even more exciting with the advent of photonic integrated circuits. This Special Issue focuses on theoretical and experimental advances in the nonlinear dynamics of semiconductor lasers subject to different types of external perturbations.

spin-VCSELs --- laser arrays --- laser dynamics --- spin flip model --- coupled lasers --- optoelectronics --- OLED --- laser --- organic laser diode --- nonlinear dynamics --- quantum dot lasers --- optical feedback --- chaotic --- linewidth enhancement factor (LEF) --- interband cascade laser --- mid-infrared chaos --- semiconductor laser --- optical phase --- gain-switching --- spontaneous emission noise --- quantum random number generation --- semiconductor lasers --- mutual coupling --- asymmetric coupling strength --- symmetry breaking --- narrow-linewidth lasers --- laser stability --- long delay --- injection-locking --- noise --- simulation --- pulsation --- chaos --- optical injection --- excitability --- neuromorphic dynamics --- modulation --- locking --- low-frequency fluctuations --- optical frequency comb --- polarization switching --- VCSEL