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Given the increasing importance of a globally interconnected world, driven by modern digital services and the need for fast and reliable access to digital resources, communication networks are one of the key infrastructures in today’s society. In this scenario, fiber optics and optical devices play a leading role, as they allow for unprecedented growth in our capacity to cope with the ever-increasing traffic demand. Optical transmission solutions range from high-speed networks based on coherent detection and advanced modulation formats for long-haul-level communications, to networks still relying on traditional intensity modulation and direct detection receivers for short-reach communications, down to intra-data center scenarios. In between there is a whole gamut of network architectures, providing different solutions for specific applications, targeting the minimization of cost-per-bit as a trade-off between capacity and overall implementation cost, in order for operators to cope with the increasing traffic demand while still providing reasonable market accessibility. Currently, most communications rely on optical technologies, and the worldwide goal is the optimum trade-off between transmission speed and cost-per-bit. This is usually pursued by i) manufacturing low-cost devices, ii) the introduction of digital solutions to overcome the physical limitations of optical communications systems and iii) the optimization of network design. Contributions to this Special Issue address these three subjects, and provide valuable insights into the optical fiber communications world.
Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- optical interconnects --- on–off keying --- pulse amplitude modulation --- misorientation --- optical communication --- InGaAs/GaAsP quantum well --- optical properties --- localization potential --- digital predistortion --- magnitude selective affine --- radio over fiber --- neural network --- error vector magnitude --- adjacent channel power ratio --- PON --- C-band --- chromatic dispersion compensation --- direct detection --- 200 Gbps per wavelength --- translucent optical networks --- regenerator placement --- dynamic traffic --- heuristics --- network design --- sparse regeneration --- 3R --- regenerator --- n/a --- on-off keying
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Made to Measure introduces a general audience to one of today's most exciting areas of scientific research: materials science. Philip Ball describes how scientists are currently inventing thousands of new materials, ranging from synthetic skin, blood, and bone to substances that repair themselves and adapt to their environment, that swell and flex like muscles, that repel any ink or paint, and that capture and store the energy of the Sun. He shows how all this is being accomplished precisely because, for the first time in history, materials are being "made to measure": designed for particular applications, rather than discovered in nature or by haphazard experimentation. Now scientists literally put new materials together on the drawing board in the same way that a blueprint is specified for a house or an electronic circuit. But the designers are working not with skylights and alcoves, not with transistors and capacitors, but with molecules and atoms. This book is written in the same engaging manner as Ball's popular book on chemistry, Designing the Molecular World, and it links insights from chemistry, biology, and physics with those from engineering as it outlines the various areas in which new materials will transform our lives in the twenty-first century. The chapters provide vignettes from a broad range of selected areas of materials science and can be read as separate essays. The subjects include photonic materials, materials for information storage, smart materials, biomaterials, biomedical materials, materials for clean energy, porous materials, diamond and hard materials, new polymers, and surfaces and interfaces.
Materials --- Technological innovations. --- Aerogel. --- Alkyl. --- Amino acid. --- Antiferromagnetism. --- Argon. --- Asperity (materials science). --- Bacteria. --- Bacteriorhodopsin. --- Band gap. --- Bilayer. --- Bioglass. --- Boron nitride. --- Boron. --- Branching (polymer chemistry). --- Carbon. --- Carrier generation and recombination. --- Catalysis. --- Chain reaction. --- Chemical bond. --- Chemical industry. --- Chemical vapor deposition. --- Chemist. --- Chromophore. --- Coercivity. --- Copolymer. --- Crystal structure. --- Crystal. --- Dendrimer. --- Detergent. --- Diode. --- Dopant. --- Electric charge. --- Electric field. --- Electrode. --- Electrolyte. --- Electrorheological fluid. --- Enzyme. --- Extrinsic semiconductor. --- High pressure. --- Hydrocarbon. --- John Bardeen. --- Laser diode. --- Laser. --- Lipid. --- Lithium niobate. --- Magnetization. --- Martensite. --- Materials science. --- Metglas. --- Micrometer. --- Mixture. --- Molecular sieve. --- Molecule. --- Monomer. --- Noble metal. --- Nonlinear optics. --- Nylon. --- Optical fiber. --- Peptide. --- Phospholipid. --- Photon. --- Piezoelectricity. --- Plastic. --- Polyacetylene. --- Polymer. --- Polymerization. --- Polytetrafluoroethylene. --- Population inversion. --- Processing (Chinese materia medica). --- Protein. --- Quantum well. --- Radical (chemistry). --- Refractive index. --- Resonance. --- Scanning tunneling microscope. --- Scleroprotein. --- Semiconductor. --- Silica gel. --- Silicon. --- Smart material. --- Solar cell. --- Solid-phase synthesis. --- Solid-state electronics. --- Substituent. --- Surface energy. --- Surface reconstruction. --- Synthetic diamond. --- Technology. --- There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom. --- Toughness. --- Transistor. --- Tungsten carbide. --- Valence and conduction bands. --- Vibration. --- Waveguide. --- X-ray. --- Zeolite. --- Ziegler–Natta catalyst. --- Zinc oxide. --- Zirconium.
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This collection of articles focuses on different aspects of the study of organic conductors. Recent progress in both theoretical and experimental studies is covered in this Special Issue. Papers on a wide variety of studies are categorized into representative topics of chemistry and physics. Besides classical studies on the crystalline organic conductors, applied studies on semiconducting thin films and a number of new topics shared with inorganic materials are also discussed.
Technology: general issues --- Chemical engineering --- organic π-radical --- molecular conductor --- phthalocyanine --- three-dimensional network --- three-dimensional electronic system --- organic conductors --- bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF) --- bis(ethylenediseleno)tetrathiafulvalene (BEST) --- bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene (BETS) --- electrical resistivity --- magnetic susceptibility --- X-ray analysis --- charge-ordered state --- quantum chemical calculations --- Madelung energy --- magnetic property --- reversible transformation --- spin ladder --- nodal line semimetal --- single-component molecular conductor --- conductivity --- DOS --- tight-binding model --- interacting electrons in one dimension --- electronic and lattice instabilities --- renormalization group method --- X-ray diffraction --- single crystal --- electron density --- molecular orbital --- single-component molecular conductors --- extended-TTF dithiolate ligands --- gold dithiolate complexes --- (BETS)2Fe1−xGaxCl4 --- π-d interaction --- NMR --- charge glass --- heat capacity --- electric current --- electric voltage --- Boson peak --- chirality --- tetrathiafulvalene --- crystal structures --- band structure calculations --- hydrogen bonding --- charge-transfer salts --- (TMTTF)2X --- deuteration --- anions --- charge transport --- tunnel junction --- MOCVD --- quantum well --- co-doping --- solar cells --- (TMTSF)8(I3)5 --- (TMTSF)5(I3)2 --- (TMTSF)4(I3)4·THF --- organic conductor --- crystal structure --- high pressure --- DFT --- MP2 --- organic superconductors --- Beechgard salts --- Maxwell-Garnett approximation --- high-Tc --- pressure effect --- Dirac electron system --- resistivity --- magnetoresistance --- synchrotron X-ray diffraction --- band calculation --- correlated electron materials --- layered organic conductor --- unconventional superconductivity --- vortex dynamics --- d-wave pairing symmetry --- superconducting gap structure --- magnetic field --- flux-flow resistivity --- charge-ordered insulator --- electric double layer transistor --- organic field-effect transistor --- π-d system --- Mott insulator --- strongly correlated electron system --- multiferroic --- dielectric --- photoconductor --- organic semiconductors --- molecular orbitals --- pyroelectricity --- temperature modulation --- molecular ferroelectrics --- radiative temperature control --- thermal diffusion model --- lithium niobate --- first-principles calculation --- density-functional theory --- charge ordering --- hybrid functional --- electronic structure --- nickel-dithiolene complex --- cycloalkane substituent --- crystalline organic charge-transfer complexes --- disordered systems --- overlap integrals --- extended Hückel approximation --- Dirac electrons --- zero-gap semiconductors --- merging of Dirac cones --- organic π-radical --- molecular conductor --- phthalocyanine --- three-dimensional network --- three-dimensional electronic system --- organic conductors --- bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF) --- bis(ethylenediseleno)tetrathiafulvalene (BEST) --- bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene (BETS) --- electrical resistivity --- magnetic susceptibility --- X-ray analysis --- charge-ordered state --- quantum chemical calculations --- Madelung energy --- magnetic property --- reversible transformation --- spin ladder --- nodal line semimetal --- single-component molecular conductor --- conductivity --- DOS --- tight-binding model --- interacting electrons in one dimension --- electronic and lattice instabilities --- renormalization group method --- X-ray diffraction --- single crystal --- electron density --- molecular orbital --- single-component molecular conductors --- extended-TTF dithiolate ligands --- gold dithiolate complexes --- (BETS)2Fe1−xGaxCl4 --- π-d interaction --- NMR --- charge glass --- heat capacity --- electric current --- electric voltage --- Boson peak --- chirality --- tetrathiafulvalene --- crystal structures --- band structure calculations --- hydrogen bonding --- charge-transfer salts --- (TMTTF)2X --- deuteration --- anions --- charge transport --- tunnel junction --- MOCVD --- quantum well --- co-doping --- solar cells --- (TMTSF)8(I3)5 --- (TMTSF)5(I3)2 --- (TMTSF)4(I3)4·THF --- organic conductor --- crystal structure --- high pressure --- DFT --- MP2 --- organic superconductors --- Beechgard salts --- Maxwell-Garnett approximation --- high-Tc --- pressure effect --- Dirac electron system --- resistivity --- magnetoresistance --- synchrotron X-ray diffraction --- band calculation --- correlated electron materials --- layered organic conductor --- unconventional superconductivity --- vortex dynamics --- d-wave pairing symmetry --- superconducting gap structure --- magnetic field --- flux-flow resistivity --- charge-ordered insulator --- electric double layer transistor --- organic field-effect transistor --- π-d system --- Mott insulator --- strongly correlated electron system --- multiferroic --- dielectric --- photoconductor --- organic semiconductors --- molecular orbitals --- pyroelectricity --- temperature modulation --- molecular ferroelectrics --- radiative temperature control --- thermal diffusion model --- lithium niobate --- first-principles calculation --- density-functional theory --- charge ordering --- hybrid functional --- electronic structure --- nickel-dithiolene complex --- cycloalkane substituent --- crystalline organic charge-transfer complexes --- disordered systems --- overlap integrals --- extended Hückel approximation --- Dirac electrons --- zero-gap semiconductors --- merging of Dirac cones
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This collection of articles focuses on different aspects of the study of organic conductors. Recent progress in both theoretical and experimental studies is covered in this Special Issue. Papers on a wide variety of studies are categorized into representative topics of chemistry and physics. Besides classical studies on the crystalline organic conductors, applied studies on semiconducting thin films and a number of new topics shared with inorganic materials are also discussed.
Technology: general issues --- Chemical engineering --- organic π-radical --- molecular conductor --- phthalocyanine --- three-dimensional network --- three-dimensional electronic system --- organic conductors --- bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF) --- bis(ethylenediseleno)tetrathiafulvalene (BEST) --- bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene (BETS) --- electrical resistivity --- magnetic susceptibility --- X-ray analysis --- charge-ordered state --- quantum chemical calculations --- Madelung energy --- magnetic property --- reversible transformation --- spin ladder --- nodal line semimetal --- single-component molecular conductor --- conductivity --- DOS --- tight-binding model --- interacting electrons in one dimension --- electronic and lattice instabilities --- renormalization group method --- X-ray diffraction --- single crystal --- electron density --- molecular orbital --- single-component molecular conductors --- extended-TTF dithiolate ligands --- gold dithiolate complexes --- (BETS)2Fe1−xGaxCl4 --- π-d interaction --- NMR --- charge glass --- heat capacity --- electric current --- electric voltage --- Boson peak --- chirality --- tetrathiafulvalene --- crystal structures --- band structure calculations --- hydrogen bonding --- charge-transfer salts --- (TMTTF)2X --- deuteration --- anions --- charge transport --- tunnel junction --- MOCVD --- quantum well --- co-doping --- solar cells --- (TMTSF)8(I3)5 --- (TMTSF)5(I3)2 --- (TMTSF)4(I3)4·THF --- organic conductor --- crystal structure --- high pressure --- DFT --- MP2 --- organic superconductors --- Beechgard salts --- Maxwell-Garnett approximation --- high-Tc --- pressure effect --- Dirac electron system --- resistivity --- magnetoresistance --- synchrotron X-ray diffraction --- band calculation --- correlated electron materials --- layered organic conductor --- unconventional superconductivity --- vortex dynamics --- d-wave pairing symmetry --- superconducting gap structure --- magnetic field --- flux-flow resistivity --- charge-ordered insulator --- electric double layer transistor --- organic field-effect transistor --- π–d system --- Mott insulator --- strongly correlated electron system --- multiferroic --- dielectric --- photoconductor --- organic semiconductors --- molecular orbitals --- pyroelectricity --- temperature modulation --- molecular ferroelectrics --- radiative temperature control --- thermal diffusion model --- lithium niobate --- first-principles calculation --- density-functional theory --- charge ordering --- hybrid functional --- electronic structure --- nickel–dithiolene complex --- cycloalkane substituent --- crystalline organic charge-transfer complexes --- disordered systems --- overlap integrals --- extended Hückel approximation --- Dirac electrons --- zero-gap semiconductors --- merging of Dirac cones --- n/a --- π-d system --- nickel-dithiolene complex --- extended Hückel approximation
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This collection of articles focuses on different aspects of the study of organic conductors. Recent progress in both theoretical and experimental studies is covered in this Special Issue. Papers on a wide variety of studies are categorized into representative topics of chemistry and physics. Besides classical studies on the crystalline organic conductors, applied studies on semiconducting thin films and a number of new topics shared with inorganic materials are also discussed.
organic π-radical --- molecular conductor --- phthalocyanine --- three-dimensional network --- three-dimensional electronic system --- organic conductors --- bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (BEDT-TTF) --- bis(ethylenediseleno)tetrathiafulvalene (BEST) --- bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene (BETS) --- electrical resistivity --- magnetic susceptibility --- X-ray analysis --- charge-ordered state --- quantum chemical calculations --- Madelung energy --- magnetic property --- reversible transformation --- spin ladder --- nodal line semimetal --- single-component molecular conductor --- conductivity --- DOS --- tight-binding model --- interacting electrons in one dimension --- electronic and lattice instabilities --- renormalization group method --- X-ray diffraction --- single crystal --- electron density --- molecular orbital --- single-component molecular conductors --- extended-TTF dithiolate ligands --- gold dithiolate complexes --- (BETS)2Fe1−xGaxCl4 --- π-d interaction --- NMR --- charge glass --- heat capacity --- electric current --- electric voltage --- Boson peak --- chirality --- tetrathiafulvalene --- crystal structures --- band structure calculations --- hydrogen bonding --- charge-transfer salts --- (TMTTF)2X --- deuteration --- anions --- charge transport --- tunnel junction --- MOCVD --- quantum well --- co-doping --- solar cells --- (TMTSF)8(I3)5 --- (TMTSF)5(I3)2 --- (TMTSF)4(I3)4·THF --- organic conductor --- crystal structure --- high pressure --- DFT --- MP2 --- organic superconductors --- Beechgard salts --- Maxwell-Garnett approximation --- high-Tc --- pressure effect --- Dirac electron system --- resistivity --- magnetoresistance --- synchrotron X-ray diffraction --- band calculation --- correlated electron materials --- layered organic conductor --- unconventional superconductivity --- vortex dynamics --- d-wave pairing symmetry --- superconducting gap structure --- magnetic field --- flux-flow resistivity --- charge-ordered insulator --- electric double layer transistor --- organic field-effect transistor --- π–d system --- Mott insulator --- strongly correlated electron system --- multiferroic --- dielectric --- photoconductor --- organic semiconductors --- molecular orbitals --- pyroelectricity --- temperature modulation --- molecular ferroelectrics --- radiative temperature control --- thermal diffusion model --- lithium niobate --- first-principles calculation --- density-functional theory --- charge ordering --- hybrid functional --- electronic structure --- nickel–dithiolene complex --- cycloalkane substituent --- crystalline organic charge-transfer complexes --- disordered systems --- overlap integrals --- extended Hückel approximation --- Dirac electrons --- zero-gap semiconductors --- merging of Dirac cones --- n/a --- π-d system --- nickel-dithiolene complex --- extended Hückel approximation
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