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The book features contributions that report original research in the theoretical, technological, and social aspects of geoinformation methods, as applied to supporting citizen science. Specifically, the book focuses on the technological aspects of the field and their application toward the recruitment of volunteers and the collection, management, and analysis of geotagged information to support volunteer involvement in scientific projects. Internationally renowned research groups share research in three areas: First, the key methods of geoinformatics within citizen science initiatives to support scientists in discovering new knowledge in specific application domains or in performing relevant activities, such as reliable geodata filtering, management, analysis, synthesis, sharing, and visualization; second, the critical aspects of citizen science initiatives that call for emerging or novel approaches of geoinformatics to acquire and handle geoinformation; and third, novel geoinformatics research that could serve in support of citizen science.

education --- geoinformatics --- GIS education --- classification accuracy --- latent class analysis --- location-based social networks (LBSNs) --- geoinformation in citizen science --- toponym --- recruitment --- community mapping --- user preference --- land administration systems --- positional accuracy --- sample size --- spatial proximity --- crowdsourced geoinformation collection and analysis --- air quality estimation --- digital cartography --- crowdsourcing --- VGI in citizen science --- crowdsourced data collection --- social relationship effect --- analysis --- GIS --- data quality --- opportunistic data --- volunteer --- volunteered geographic information (VGI) --- VGI --- data fusion --- algorithms --- OpenStreetMap --- volunteer geographic information --- citizen science --- ensemble --- spatial bias --- projects survey --- Alaska --- marine mammal --- brown marmorated stink bug --- social media --- Environmental niche modeling --- data analysis --- Pentatomidae --- QGIS --- MaxEnt --- spatial accuracy --- clustering --- air pollution --- data import --- sky images

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The present book contains all of the articles that were accepted and published in the Special Issue of MDPI’s journal Mathematics titled "Computational Intelligence and Human–Computer Interaction: Modern Methods and Applications". This Special Issue covered a wide range of topics connected to the theory and application of different computational intelligence techniques to the domain of human–computer interaction, such as automatic speech recognition, speech processing and analysis, virtual reality, emotion-aware applications, digital storytelling, natural language processing, smart cars and devices, and online learning. We hope that this book will be interesting and useful for those working in various areas of artificial intelligence, human–computer interaction, and software engineering as well as for those who are interested in how these domains are connected in real-life situations.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- virtual dialogue assistant --- natural language processing --- machine learning --- online distance learning --- ubiquitous computing --- smart cars --- natural interfaces --- multimodal interaction --- smart devices --- gesture input --- voice input --- digital storytelling --- cultural heritage --- usability evaluation --- multi-platform evaluation --- fingerspelling recognition --- depth sensor --- finger attention --- receptive field --- inter-finger relation --- speaker diarization --- spontaneous speech processing --- voice activity detection --- overlapping speech detection --- speaker extractor models --- speaker number estimation --- model fusion --- quality estimation --- distant speech processing --- artificial neural networks --- agile global software engineering --- architectural knowledge management --- knowledge condensing --- edutainment applications --- emotions aware applications --- adaptive learning --- software architecture --- services --- formal concept analysis --- conceptual knowledge processing --- virtual reality --- human–computer interaction --- automatic speech recognition --- acoustic modeling --- highly inflected word forms --- acoustic background --- virtual dialogue assistant --- natural language processing --- machine learning --- online distance learning --- ubiquitous computing --- smart cars --- natural interfaces --- multimodal interaction --- smart devices --- gesture input --- voice input --- digital storytelling --- cultural heritage --- usability evaluation --- multi-platform evaluation --- fingerspelling recognition --- depth sensor --- finger attention --- receptive field --- inter-finger relation --- speaker diarization --- spontaneous speech processing --- voice activity detection --- overlapping speech detection --- speaker extractor models --- speaker number estimation --- model fusion --- quality estimation --- distant speech processing --- artificial neural networks --- agile global software engineering --- architectural knowledge management --- knowledge condensing --- edutainment applications --- emotions aware applications --- adaptive learning --- software architecture --- services --- formal concept analysis --- conceptual knowledge processing --- virtual reality --- human–computer interaction --- automatic speech recognition --- acoustic modeling --- highly inflected word forms --- acoustic background

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Current approaches to Natural Language Processing (NLP) have shown impressive improvements in many important tasks: machine translation, language modeling, text generation, sentiment/emotion analysis, natural language understanding, and question answering, among others. The advent of new methods and techniques, such as graph-based approaches, reinforcement learning, or deep learning, have boosted many NLP tasks to a human-level performance (and even beyond). This has attracted the interest of many companies, so new products and solutions can benefit from advances in this relevant area within the artificial intelligence domain.This Special Issue reprint, focusing on emerging techniques and trendy applications of NLP methods, reports on some of these achievements, establishing a useful reference for industry and researchers on cutting-edge human language technologies.

natural language processing --- distributional semantics --- machine learning --- language model --- word embeddings --- machine translation --- sentiment analysis --- quality estimation --- neural machine translation --- pretrained language model --- multilingual pre-trained language model --- WMT --- neural networks --- recurrent neural networks --- named entity recognition --- multi-modal dataset --- Wikimedia Commons --- multi-modal language model --- concreteness --- curriculum learning --- electronic health records --- clinical text --- relationship extraction --- text classification --- linguistic corpus --- deception --- linguistic cues --- statistical analysis --- discriminant function analysis --- fake news detection --- stance detection --- social media --- abstractive summarization --- monolingual models --- multilingual models --- transformer models --- transfer learning --- discourse analysis --- problem–solution pattern --- automatic classification --- machine learning classifiers --- deep neural networks --- question answering --- machine reading comprehension --- query expansion --- information retrieval --- multinomial naive bayes --- relevance feedback --- cause-effect relation --- transitive closure --- word co-occurrence --- automatic hate speech detection --- multisource feature extraction --- Latin American Spanish language models --- fine-grained named entity recognition --- k-stacked feature fusion --- dual-stacked output --- unbalanced data problem --- document representation --- semantic analysis --- conceptual modeling --- universal representation --- trend analysis --- topic modeling --- Bert --- geospatial data technology and application --- attention model --- dual multi-head attention --- inter-information relationship --- question difficult estimation --- named-entity recognition --- BERT model --- conditional random field --- pre-trained model --- fine-tuning --- feature fusion --- attention mechanism --- task-oriented dialogue systems --- Arabic --- multi-lingual transformer model --- mT5 --- language marker --- mental disorder --- deep learning --- LIWC --- spaCy --- RobBERT --- fastText --- LIME --- conversational AI --- intent detection --- slot filling --- retrieval-based question answering --- query generation --- entity linking --- knowledge graph --- entity embedding --- global model --- DISC model --- personality recognition --- predictive model --- text analysis --- data privacy --- federated learning --- transformer --- n/a --- problem-solution pattern

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Current approaches to Natural Language Processing (NLP) have shown impressive improvements in many important tasks: machine translation, language modeling, text generation, sentiment/emotion analysis, natural language understanding, and question answering, among others. The advent of new methods and techniques, such as graph-based approaches, reinforcement learning, or deep learning, have boosted many NLP tasks to a human-level performance (and even beyond). This has attracted the interest of many companies, so new products and solutions can benefit from advances in this relevant area within the artificial intelligence domain.This Special Issue reprint, focusing on emerging techniques and trendy applications of NLP methods, reports on some of these achievements, establishing a useful reference for industry and researchers on cutting-edge human language technologies.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- natural language processing --- distributional semantics --- machine learning --- language model --- word embeddings --- machine translation --- sentiment analysis --- quality estimation --- neural machine translation --- pretrained language model --- multilingual pre-trained language model --- WMT --- neural networks --- recurrent neural networks --- named entity recognition --- multi-modal dataset --- Wikimedia Commons --- multi-modal language model --- concreteness --- curriculum learning --- electronic health records --- clinical text --- relationship extraction --- text classification --- linguistic corpus --- deception --- linguistic cues --- statistical analysis --- discriminant function analysis --- fake news detection --- stance detection --- social media --- abstractive summarization --- monolingual models --- multilingual models --- transformer models --- transfer learning --- discourse analysis --- problem–solution pattern --- automatic classification --- machine learning classifiers --- deep neural networks --- question answering --- machine reading comprehension --- query expansion --- information retrieval --- multinomial naive bayes --- relevance feedback --- cause-effect relation --- transitive closure --- word co-occurrence --- automatic hate speech detection --- multisource feature extraction --- Latin American Spanish language models --- fine-grained named entity recognition --- k-stacked feature fusion --- dual-stacked output --- unbalanced data problem --- document representation --- semantic analysis --- conceptual modeling --- universal representation --- trend analysis --- topic modeling --- Bert --- geospatial data technology and application --- attention model --- dual multi-head attention --- inter-information relationship --- question difficult estimation --- named-entity recognition --- BERT model --- conditional random field --- pre-trained model --- fine-tuning --- feature fusion --- attention mechanism --- task-oriented dialogue systems --- Arabic --- multi-lingual transformer model --- mT5 --- language marker --- mental disorder --- deep learning --- LIWC --- spaCy --- RobBERT --- fastText --- LIME --- conversational AI --- intent detection --- slot filling --- retrieval-based question answering --- query generation --- entity linking --- knowledge graph --- entity embedding --- global model --- DISC model --- personality recognition --- predictive model --- text analysis --- data privacy --- federated learning --- transformer --- n/a --- problem-solution pattern