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Exceptional design loads on buildings and structures may have different causes, including high-strain natural hazards, man-made attacks and accidents, and extreme operational conditions. All of these aspects can be critical for specific structural typologies and/or materials that are particularly sensitive. Dedicated and refined methods are thus required for design, analysis, and maintenance under structures’ expected lifetimes. Major challenges are related to the structural typology and material properties. Further issues are related to the need for the mitigation or retrofitting of existing structures, or from the optimal and safe design of innovative materials/systems. Finally, in some cases, no design recommendations are available, and thus experimental investigations can have a key role in the overall process. For this SI, we have invited scientists to focus on the recent advancements and trends in the sustainable design of high-performance buildings and structures. Special attention has been given to materials and systems, but also to buildings and infrastructures that can be subjected to extreme design loads. This can be the case of exceptional natural events or unfavorable ambient conditions. The assessment of hazard and risk associated with structures and civil infrastructure systems is important for the preservation and protection of built environments. New procedures, methods, and more precise rules for safety design and the protection of sustainable structures are, however, needed.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Materials science --- analytical model --- ductile walls --- shear strength --- capacity reduction --- Eurocode 8 --- concrete --- stainless steel --- reinforcement --- temperature --- thermal expansion --- waste management --- construction demolition waste --- thermochromic --- green building material --- recycled waste material --- corrosion --- deterioration --- stirrup --- beams --- cement-based composites (CBCs) --- compressive strength --- fire exposure --- thermal boundaries --- finite element (FE) numerical modelling --- empirical formulations --- fly ash --- granulated blast-furnace slag --- palm oil fly ash --- ordinary Portland cement --- recycled ceramics --- green mortar --- alkali-activated mix design --- embodied energy --- CO2 emission --- assessment --- earthquake --- Zagreb --- case study --- cultural heritage --- seismic design --- structural glass --- q-factor --- engineering demand parameters (EDPs) --- finite element (FE) numerical models --- non-linear incremental dynamic analyses (IDA) --- cloud analysis --- linear regression --- composites --- timber --- CLT --- load-bearing glass --- friction --- FEM analysis --- beam–column joints --- shear capacity --- cyclic loading --- joint’s numerical modeling --- interior joint --- corner joint --- modified reinforcement technique (MRT) --- beam-column joint --- ferrocement --- crack --- ductility --- displacement --- reinforced concrete --- deep beam --- support vector regression --- metaheuristic optimization

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Exceptional design loads on buildings and structures may have different causes, including high-strain natural hazards, man-made attacks and accidents, and extreme operational conditions. All of these aspects can be critical for specific structural typologies and/or materials that are particularly sensitive. Dedicated and refined methods are thus required for design, analysis, and maintenance under structures’ expected lifetimes. Major challenges are related to the structural typology and material properties. Further issues are related to the need for the mitigation or retrofitting of existing structures, or from the optimal and safe design of innovative materials/systems. Finally, in some cases, no design recommendations are available, and thus experimental investigations can have a key role in the overall process. For this SI, we have invited scientists to focus on the recent advancements and trends in the sustainable design of high-performance buildings and structures. Special attention has been given to materials and systems, but also to buildings and infrastructures that can be subjected to extreme design loads. This can be the case of exceptional natural events or unfavorable ambient conditions. The assessment of hazard and risk associated with structures and civil infrastructure systems is important for the preservation and protection of built environments. New procedures, methods, and more precise rules for safety design and the protection of sustainable structures are, however, needed.

analytical model --- ductile walls --- shear strength --- capacity reduction --- Eurocode 8 --- concrete --- stainless steel --- reinforcement --- temperature --- thermal expansion --- waste management --- construction demolition waste --- thermochromic --- green building material --- recycled waste material --- corrosion --- deterioration --- stirrup --- beams --- cement-based composites (CBCs) --- compressive strength --- fire exposure --- thermal boundaries --- finite element (FE) numerical modelling --- empirical formulations --- fly ash --- granulated blast-furnace slag --- palm oil fly ash --- ordinary Portland cement --- recycled ceramics --- green mortar --- alkali-activated mix design --- embodied energy --- CO2 emission --- assessment --- earthquake --- Zagreb --- case study --- cultural heritage --- seismic design --- structural glass --- q-factor --- engineering demand parameters (EDPs) --- finite element (FE) numerical models --- non-linear incremental dynamic analyses (IDA) --- cloud analysis --- linear regression --- composites --- timber --- CLT --- load-bearing glass --- friction --- FEM analysis --- beam–column joints --- shear capacity --- cyclic loading --- joint’s numerical modeling --- interior joint --- corner joint --- modified reinforcement technique (MRT) --- beam-column joint --- ferrocement --- crack --- ductility --- displacement --- reinforced concrete --- deep beam --- support vector regression --- metaheuristic optimization

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Exceptional design loads on buildings and structures may have different causes, including high-strain natural hazards, man-made attacks and accidents, and extreme operational conditions. All of these aspects can be critical for specific structural typologies and/or materials that are particularly sensitive. Dedicated and refined methods are thus required for design, analysis, and maintenance under structures’ expected lifetimes. Major challenges are related to the structural typology and material properties. Further issues are related to the need for the mitigation or retrofitting of existing structures, or from the optimal and safe design of innovative materials/systems. Finally, in some cases, no design recommendations are available, and thus experimental investigations can have a key role in the overall process. For this SI, we have invited scientists to focus on the recent advancements and trends in the sustainable design of high-performance buildings and structures. Special attention has been given to materials and systems, but also to buildings and infrastructures that can be subjected to extreme design loads. This can be the case of exceptional natural events or unfavorable ambient conditions. The assessment of hazard and risk associated with structures and civil infrastructure systems is important for the preservation and protection of built environments. New procedures, methods, and more precise rules for safety design and the protection of sustainable structures are, however, needed.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Materials science --- analytical model --- ductile walls --- shear strength --- capacity reduction --- Eurocode 8 --- concrete --- stainless steel --- reinforcement --- temperature --- thermal expansion --- waste management --- construction demolition waste --- thermochromic --- green building material --- recycled waste material --- corrosion --- deterioration --- stirrup --- beams --- cement-based composites (CBCs) --- compressive strength --- fire exposure --- thermal boundaries --- finite element (FE) numerical modelling --- empirical formulations --- fly ash --- granulated blast-furnace slag --- palm oil fly ash --- ordinary Portland cement --- recycled ceramics --- green mortar --- alkali-activated mix design --- embodied energy --- CO2 emission --- assessment --- earthquake --- Zagreb --- case study --- cultural heritage --- seismic design --- structural glass --- q-factor --- engineering demand parameters (EDPs) --- finite element (FE) numerical models --- non-linear incremental dynamic analyses (IDA) --- cloud analysis --- linear regression --- composites --- timber --- CLT --- load-bearing glass --- friction --- FEM analysis --- beam–column joints --- shear capacity --- cyclic loading --- joint’s numerical modeling --- interior joint --- corner joint --- modified reinforcement technique (MRT) --- beam-column joint --- ferrocement --- crack --- ductility --- displacement --- reinforced concrete --- deep beam --- support vector regression --- metaheuristic optimization --- analytical model --- ductile walls --- shear strength --- capacity reduction --- Eurocode 8 --- concrete --- stainless steel --- reinforcement --- temperature --- thermal expansion --- waste management --- construction demolition waste --- thermochromic --- green building material --- recycled waste material --- corrosion --- deterioration --- stirrup --- beams --- cement-based composites (CBCs) --- compressive strength --- fire exposure --- thermal boundaries --- finite element (FE) numerical modelling --- empirical formulations --- fly ash --- granulated blast-furnace slag --- palm oil fly ash --- ordinary Portland cement --- recycled ceramics --- green mortar --- alkali-activated mix design --- embodied energy --- CO2 emission --- assessment --- earthquake --- Zagreb --- case study --- cultural heritage --- seismic design --- structural glass --- q-factor --- engineering demand parameters (EDPs) --- finite element (FE) numerical models --- non-linear incremental dynamic analyses (IDA) --- cloud analysis --- linear regression --- composites --- timber --- CLT --- load-bearing glass --- friction --- FEM analysis --- beam–column joints --- shear capacity --- cyclic loading --- joint’s numerical modeling --- interior joint --- corner joint --- modified reinforcement technique (MRT) --- beam-column joint --- ferrocement --- crack --- ductility --- displacement --- reinforced concrete --- deep beam --- support vector regression --- metaheuristic optimization

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The present volume “New Trends in Lithium Niobate: From Bulk to Nanocrystals” contains the materials of a Special Issue of the MDPI journal Crystals dedicated to the memory of Prof. Dr. Ortwin F. Schirmer and provides a new synopsis of his research focusing on LiNbO3. It also includes recent developments, exemplifying the continued interest in this outstanding ferroelectric, non-linear optical and holographic crystal as a workhorse for testing and realizing new ideas and applications.This book starts with reviews on intrinsic and extrinsic crystal defects in LiNbO3 of single-crystal, thin-film or nano-powder forms, studied by various optical, magnetic resonance and nuclear methods, clarifying in particular the reasons for the suppression of anion vacancy formation upon thermal reduction, mechano-chemical processing or irradiations of various types. The reviews are followed by research papers on the experimental and theoretical investigation of small polarons, together with recent results on the properties of Li(Nb,Ta)O3 mixed crystals. Among the various contributions dealing with nonlinear optical applications, papers on device development, entangled photon pair generation and thin films on the Lithium Niobate On Insulator (LNOI) platform can also be found.

Research & information: general --- lithium niobate --- small polaron hopping --- transient absorption --- mode-locked laser --- nonlinear mirror mode locking --- lithium tantalate --- crystal structure --- chemical composition --- ferroelectrics --- second harmonic generation --- lead-free piezoelectrics --- intrinsic defects --- extrinsic defects --- elemental doping --- ferromagnetism --- diluted-magnetic oxides --- LiNbO3 --- LiTaO3 --- oxide crystals --- lanthanides --- luminescence --- LNOI --- ferroelectric domains --- domain-wall conduction --- AFM --- thin film lithium niobate --- TFLN --- x-cut LN --- domain walls --- piezoresponse force microscopy --- second-harmonic generation --- Raman scattering --- electro-optics --- whispering gallery resonators --- polarons --- photorefractivity --- Marcus-Holstein’s theory --- Monte Carlo simulations --- strontium titanate --- self-trapped electrons --- oxygen vacancies --- defects --- impurity --- intrinsic defect --- paramagnetic ion --- electron paramagnetic resonance --- electron nuclear double resonance --- lithium vacancy --- lithium --- niobate --- epitaxy --- thin film --- liquid phase epitaxy --- molecular beam epitaxy --- sputtering --- pulsed laser deposition --- chemical vapor deposition --- lithium niobate-tantalate --- piezoelectric --- acoustic --- high-temperature --- sensor --- Q-factor --- BAW resonator --- parametric down-conversion --- photon-pair generation --- extended phase matching --- microring resonator --- varFDTD --- lithium tantalate thin film --- electro-optical devices --- lattice location --- radiation damage --- ion beam analysis --- hyperfine interactions --- charge localization --- lattice deformation --- optical response --- density-functional theory --- Bethe-Salpeter equation --- nanoparticles --- nanopowders --- X-ray diffraction --- Raman spectroscopy --- temperature dependence of electroconductivity --- bipolarons --- defect structure and generation --- Li diffusion --- bulk crystals --- thin films --- nanocrystals --- lithium niobate --- small polaron hopping --- transient absorption --- mode-locked laser --- nonlinear mirror mode locking --- lithium tantalate --- crystal structure --- chemical composition --- ferroelectrics --- second harmonic generation --- lead-free piezoelectrics --- intrinsic defects --- extrinsic defects --- elemental doping --- ferromagnetism --- diluted-magnetic oxides --- LiNbO3 --- LiTaO3 --- oxide crystals --- lanthanides --- luminescence --- LNOI --- ferroelectric domains --- domain-wall conduction --- AFM --- thin film lithium niobate --- TFLN --- x-cut LN --- domain walls --- piezoresponse force microscopy --- second-harmonic generation --- Raman scattering --- electro-optics --- whispering gallery resonators --- polarons --- photorefractivity --- Marcus-Holstein’s theory --- Monte Carlo simulations --- strontium titanate --- self-trapped electrons --- oxygen vacancies --- defects --- impurity --- intrinsic defect --- paramagnetic ion --- electron paramagnetic resonance --- electron nuclear double resonance --- lithium vacancy --- lithium --- niobate --- epitaxy --- thin film --- liquid phase epitaxy --- molecular beam epitaxy --- sputtering --- pulsed laser deposition --- chemical vapor deposition --- lithium niobate-tantalate --- piezoelectric --- acoustic --- high-temperature --- sensor --- Q-factor --- BAW resonator --- parametric down-conversion --- photon-pair generation --- extended phase matching --- microring resonator --- varFDTD --- lithium tantalate thin film --- electro-optical devices --- lattice location --- radiation damage --- ion beam analysis --- hyperfine interactions --- charge localization --- lattice deformation --- optical response --- density-functional theory --- Bethe-Salpeter equation --- nanoparticles --- nanopowders --- X-ray diffraction --- Raman spectroscopy --- temperature dependence of electroconductivity --- bipolarons --- defect structure and generation --- Li diffusion --- bulk crystals --- thin films --- nanocrystals

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This Special Issue is a collection of high-quality reviews and original papers from editorial board members, guest editors, and leading researchers discussing new knowledge or new cutting-edge developments in the field of engineering.

Technology: general issues --- hydrofoil optimization --- NSGA-II --- CFD --- XFOIL --- NACA 63815 --- bezier curve --- ultrasound application --- glass bottles --- fruit juice --- foam drainage --- foaming behavior --- martensitic phase transformation (MPT) --- grain misorientation (GMO) --- surface roughening (Ra) --- grain size (Dg) --- solid oxide fuel cell --- computational fluid dynamics --- sensitivity analysis --- optimization --- sand retention test --- sand control devices --- sand production --- sand replication --- SAGD --- probabilistic risk assessment --- multi-hazards --- nuclear safety --- dry-cured ham --- food-grade chemical --- coating --- mechanical performance characteristics --- chemical treatment --- ham nets --- pest management --- mechanical test --- mesh fabric --- artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) --- specific absorption rate (SAR) --- coplanar waveguide (CPW) antenna --- magneto-dielectric (MD) --- mobile phones --- wireless communications --- optical multi-band systems --- physical layer modeling --- fiber-optic communications --- commercially available components --- planar transformer --- eco-design --- environmental impact evaluation --- product efficiency --- DC-DC converter --- dual active bridge (DAB) --- life cycle optimization --- fuel optimization --- low cost HEV --- optimum hybridization --- bubble nucleation --- gas-liquid systems --- supersaturation --- step-down pressure --- Fick’s second law diffusion --- characteristic time --- Q factor --- damping model --- transitional flow regime --- viscous flow regime --- MEMS oscillator --- bending modes --- zirconium phosphate --- titanium phosphate --- nanolayered phosphates --- nanofibrous titanium phosphate --- chemical synthesis --- crystal structure --- technological applications --- drug delivery --- biomedical applications --- n/a --- Fick's second law diffusion