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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

adenosine --- ATP --- purinergic receptors --- purinergic signaling --- ectonucleotidases

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Pharmacology --- adenosine --- ATP --- purinergic receptors --- purinergic signaling --- ectonucleotidases

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Adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP) is one of the most abundant molecule in living cells serving as universal energy “currency.” After slow acceptance of the concept of the release and extracellular action of ATP, purinergic signaling is recognized as a widespread mechanism for cell-to-cell communication in living organisms. Additionally, the contribution of pyrimidine nucleotides (such as UTP and UDP) and sugar-nucleotides (i.e., UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose) have been more recently discovered. Purinergic signaling plays major physiological roles in mammalian central nervous system (CNS) such as neurotransmission, neuromodulation, communication in glial network and between neurons and glia. Extracellular ATP and its metabolic breakdown is a source of other nucleotides and adenosine providing the versatile basis for complex purinergic signaling through the activation of several families of purinergic receptors. G-protein coupled P1 receptors for adenosine, ionotropic P2X receptors for ATP and G-protein coupled P2Y receptors for ATP and other nucleotides are abundant and widely distributed in central neurons at pre-and post-synapse and in glial cells. Alterations of purinergic signals are associated with major CNS disorders including chronic pain, brain trauma ischemia, epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease or Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated with neuro-inflammation as well as neuropsychiatric diseases, including depression, anxiety and schizophrenia.

Science: general issues --- Neurosciences --- purine --- P2X --- P2Y --- adenosine (A(1) --- A(2A) --- A(2B)) receptors --- purinergic signaling --- CNS --- CNS—disorder --- purine --- P2X --- P2Y --- adenosine (A(1) --- A(2A) --- A(2B)) receptors --- purinergic signaling --- CNS --- CNS—disorder

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A large number of diseases affect salivary gland (SG) secretion through different mechanisms, leading to SG dysfunction and associated oral problems. The glands may suffer from viral, bacterial, and, albeit rarely, fungal infections, which may cause painful swelling or obstruction; they could also become the target of an autoimmune attack or may be affected by various benign and malignant tumors which consist of a heterogeneous group of lesions with complex clinical–pathological characteristics. The loss of normal SG function results in widespread deterioration of oral health. This book, entitled “Diseases of Salivary Glands”, provides an overview of recent advances in the field of SG disorders, focusing on the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of SG diseases and on the most innovative investigation techniques that could help to preserve patients’ health, function, and quality of life.

Medicine --- salivary glands --- minor salivary glands --- salivary gland carcinoma --- mucoepidermoid carcinoma --- in situ carcinoma --- intra-cystic carcinoma --- chronic kidney disease --- salivary gland dysfunction --- salivary biomarkers --- oxidative stress --- nitrosative stress --- viral infection --- Epstein-Barr virus --- HTLV-1 --- salivary gland epithelial cell --- Hashimoto's disease --- saliva --- Sjögren's syndrome --- autoimmune disease --- physiopathology --- treatment --- diagnosis --- review --- primary Sjögren's syndrome --- imaging --- salivary gland --- sialography --- salivary gland ultrasonography --- magnetic resonance imaging --- sialendoscopy --- salivary gland scintigraphy --- positron emission tomography --- NF-κB --- inflammation --- autoimmunity --- innate cells --- adaptive cells --- MR sialography --- dynamic --- sublingual gland ducts --- xerostomia --- SGEC --- immortalization --- acinar --- ductal --- spheroid --- autoimmune diseases --- Sjögren syndrome --- B-cell lymphoma --- extranodal marginal zone lymphoma --- MALT lymphoma --- primary breast lymphoma --- radiation --- hyposalivation --- purinergic signaling --- bystander effect --- P2 receptors --- radioprotection --- head and neck cancer --- oral candidiasis --- salivary glands --- minor salivary glands --- salivary gland carcinoma --- mucoepidermoid carcinoma --- in situ carcinoma --- intra-cystic carcinoma --- chronic kidney disease --- salivary gland dysfunction --- salivary biomarkers --- oxidative stress --- nitrosative stress --- viral infection --- Epstein-Barr virus --- HTLV-1 --- salivary gland epithelial cell --- Hashimoto's disease --- saliva --- Sjögren's syndrome --- autoimmune disease --- physiopathology --- treatment --- diagnosis --- review --- primary Sjögren's syndrome --- imaging --- salivary gland --- sialography --- salivary gland ultrasonography --- magnetic resonance imaging --- sialendoscopy --- salivary gland scintigraphy --- positron emission tomography --- NF-κB --- inflammation --- autoimmunity --- innate cells --- adaptive cells --- MR sialography --- dynamic --- sublingual gland ducts --- xerostomia --- SGEC --- immortalization --- acinar --- ductal --- spheroid --- autoimmune diseases --- Sjögren syndrome --- B-cell lymphoma --- extranodal marginal zone lymphoma --- MALT lymphoma --- primary breast lymphoma --- radiation --- hyposalivation --- purinergic signaling --- bystander effect --- P2 receptors --- radioprotection --- head and neck cancer --- oral candidiasis

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is being increasingly used in neuroscience and clinics. Modern advances include but are not limited to the combination of TMS with precise neuronavigation as well as the integration of TMS into a multimodal environment, e.g., by guiding the TMS application using complementary techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), or magnetoencephalography (MEG). Furthermore, the impact of stimulation can be identified and characterized by such multimodal approaches, helping to shed light on the basic neurophysiology and TMS effects in the human brain. Against this background, the aim of this Special Issue was to explore advancements in the field of TMS considering both investigations in healthy subjects as well as patients.

Medical equipment & techniques --- brain stimulation --- fiber tractography --- glioblastoma multiforme --- gray matter --- language mapping --- navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation --- Autism spectrum disorder --- evoked and induced gamma oscillations --- EEG --- TMS --- oddball task --- reaction time --- aberrant and repetitive behaviors --- repetition suppression --- neuroplasticity --- transcranial magnetic stimulation --- paired associative stimulation --- nTMS --- intensive care --- motor mapping --- ICU --- neurocritical care --- neuromonitoring --- functional mapping --- motor evoked potentials --- aging --- excitability --- connectivity --- plasticity --- brain tumor --- bilingual --- language --- preoperative mapping --- case report --- CD73 --- adenosine --- A2AR --- A1R --- neuroinflammation --- theta-burst stimulation --- rTMS --- purinergic signaling --- electric field --- eloquent cortex --- motor threshold --- neuronavigation --- presurgical evaluation --- chronic pain --- low back pain --- repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation --- neuromodulation --- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex --- primary motor cortex --- picture naming --- bihemispheric --- action naming --- object naming --- memory --- hippocampus --- brain networks --- non-invasive brain stimulation --- mild cognitive impairment --- Alzheimer’s disease --- stroke --- aphasia --- iTBS --- fMRI --- rehabilitation --- alpha oscillations --- functional connectivity --- source reconstruction --- MEG --- EEG state-dependent TMS --- n/a --- Alzheimer's disease