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With current infrastructure, meeting the ever-growing demand for electrical energy across the globe is becoming increasingly difficult. The widespread adoption of both commercial and residential non-dispatchable renewable energy facilities, such as solar and wind, further taxes the stability of the electrical grid, often causing traditional fossil fuel power plants to operate at lower efficiency, and with increased carbon emissions. Hydropower, as a proven renewable energy technology, has a significant part to play in the future global electrical power market, especially as increasing demand for electric vehicles will further amplify the need for dispatchable energy sources during peak charging times. Even with more than a century of proven experience, significant opportunities still exist to expand the worldwide hydropower resources and more efficiently utilize existing hydropower installations. Given this context, this Special Issue of Energies intended to present recent developments and advancements in hydropower design and operation. This Special Issue includes five articles, authored by international research teams from Japan, Pakistan, Sweden, Norway, the United States, and China. The authors bring the collective expertise of government research laboratories, university professors, industry research engineers, computer scientists, and economists. The articles explore advancements in hydroturbine and pump-turbine design, power plant operation, auxiliary equipment design to mitigate environmental damage, and an exploration of community-owned small hydropower facilities.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- community development --- community ownership --- small hydropower --- SHP --- renewable energy --- crowdfunding --- FIT --- community-based business --- agricultural cooperative --- hydropower --- pumped hydro storage --- low-head --- counter-rotating --- pump-turbine --- transient sequences --- shutdown --- startup --- OpenFOAM --- CFD --- sand trap --- sediment transport --- particle --- multiphase --- hybrid power --- neural networks --- pumped-storage hydro --- solar --- photovoltaic --- pump turbine --- pump mode --- slight opening --- flow deflection --- dynamic meshing technique

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Energy and the environment are irrevocably interrelated, and they are critical factors that influence the development of societies. The pollution of the environment without considering various consequences has become one of the most important global issues today. This environmental pollution is mainly the result of increases in economic activities, population, transportation, electricity generation, agriculture, forestry, and land use. The exigency of energy for these activities, the rapidly rising price of petroleum oil, the harmful effect of greenhouse gases, and the quest for energy security have steered our attention towards sustainable sources of energy. It is fundamental to find innovative solutions that are sustainable from the perspective of energy management and environmental protection. This book includes three review articles which review the state-of-the-art of different sustainable energy resources. These articles include ammonia as a renewable energy carrier, integration of solar photovoltaic, and bio-oil from waste tires for automotive engine application. In addition, eight research studies reveal new knowledge about energy for a sustainable future. The topics covered span many diverse areas associated with sustainable energy, including various biofuels, photovoltaic, and other aspects of sustainability. These complementary contributions provide a substantial body of knowledge in the field of Renewable and Sustainable Energy.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- heterogeneous catalyst --- hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) --- zinc --- phenol --- bio-oil --- technical --- economic --- institutional --- policy --- pumped hydro storage --- geothermal heat exchangers --- combined arrangement --- operation analysis --- solar home systems --- rural households --- energy transitions --- energy access --- bio-jet fuel --- microwave-assisted transesterification --- RSM --- ANN --- optimization --- coconut oil --- scenario analysis --- scenario generation --- weather influence --- coal decommissioning --- high PV penetration --- energy balance --- CO2 reduction --- urban air quality --- PM2.5 --- PM10 --- particle emission sources --- focus group discussion --- sustainability --- renewable energy development --- Indonesia --- geothermal --- maintenance strategy --- sustainable maintenance --- ABCD procedure --- strategic sustainable development --- transformer failures --- ammonia --- renewable energy storage --- hydrogen storage --- waste tyre --- waste management --- pyrolysis --- automobile engine

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Renewable energy deployment as an alternative to traditional energy sources is the cornerstone of the emission-reduction energy policies that aim to facilitate the transition to a low-carbon economy. This transition poses risks and opportunities for companies with business models that rely directly or indirectly on renewables, which will be reflected in the revaluation of assets and in the reallocation of private and public financial investments from carbon-intensive to low-carbon energies. In a series of selected articles, this book addresses current challenges and opportunities for renewable energies from technological, economic and financial perspectives.

day-ahead market --- balancing market --- gate closure --- forecast uncertainty --- wind power forecast --- agent-based simulation --- the MATREM system --- drying --- solar energy --- sustainable processing --- energy efficiency --- global heat production --- energy market --- energy conversion --- electricity --- carbon trading --- palm oil producer --- renewable energy --- economy --- sustainable development --- clean development mechanism --- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) --- Malaysia --- energy planning --- Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) --- Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) --- low-carbon economy --- renewable energy deployment --- environmental efficiency --- pumped hydro storage --- wind farm --- simulated annealing --- genetic algorithm --- pattern search --- Matlab optimization toolbox --- economic and environment feasibility --- renewables --- low carbon --- interdependence --- copulas --- conditional quantiles --- liquefied natural gas --- cold energy --- regasification --- chilled water --- techno economic --- coevolution --- the fuel ethanol industry --- history-friendly model --- entry regulation --- ethanol mandate --- production subsidy --- R&amp --- D subsidy

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Energy markets are already undergoing considerable transitions to accommodate new (renewable) energy forms, new (decentral) energy players, and new system requirements, e.g. flexibility and resilience. Traditional energy markets for fossil fuels are therefore under pressure, while not-yet-mature (renewable) energy markets are emerging. As a consequence, investments in large-scale and capital intensive (traditional) energy production projects are surrounded by high uncertainty, and are difficult to hedge by private entities. Traditional energy production companies are transforming into energy service suppliers and companies aggregating numerous potential market players are emerging, while regulation and system management are playing an increasing role. To address these increasing uncertainties and complexities, economic analysis, forecasting, modeling and investment assessment require fresh approaches and views. Novel research is thus required to simulate multiple actor interplays and idiosyncratic behavior. The required approaches cannot deal only with energy supply, but need to include active demand and cover systemic aspects. Energy market transitions challenge policy-making. Market coordination failure, the removal of barriers hindering restructuring and the combination of market signals with command-and-control policy measures are some of the new aims of policies.The aim of this Special Issue is to collect research papers that address the above issues using novel methods from any adequate perspective, including economic analysis, modeling of systems, behavioral forecasting, and policy assessment.The issue will include, but is not be limited to: Local control schemes and algorithms for distributed generation systems; Centralized and decentralized sustainable energy management strategies; Communication architectures, protocols and properties of practical applications; Topologies of distributed generation systems improving flexibility, efficiency and power quality; Practical issues in the control design and implementation of distributed generation systems; Energy transition studies for optimized pathway options aiming for high levels of sustainability

Demand Response --- Energiewende --- energy system modeling --- market value --- interconnector capacities --- energy sector integration --- sector-coupling --- aviation --- renewables --- net metering --- 100% RE pathways --- variable renewable energy sources --- energy transformation --- renewable energy --- blackout prevention --- vehicle-to-grid --- energy market --- energy storage --- road --- electric vehicle --- electrostatic-driven inertia --- RE integration --- carbon dioxide reduction --- Orkney --- energy system optimisation --- transport sector --- island energy system transition --- pumped hydro storage --- storage solutions --- climate policies --- rail --- power-to-gas --- electricity market modeling --- greenhouse gas emissions --- renewable transition --- community --- India --- delayed grid expansion --- wind power --- blockchain --- smart grid technologies --- Åland --- Germany --- solar energy --- renewable integration --- energy system modelling --- Solid State Transformer --- decarbonization --- immunity --- system-friendly renewables --- marine --- transportation demand --- numeric modelling --- microgeneration --- flexibility --- prosumer --- microgrid --- maritime transportation --- European electricity system --- Samsø --- resilience --- smart energy system --- microgrid by design --- global energy system model (GENeSYS-MOD) --- electricity markets --- energy community --- sector coupling --- final energy demand --- energy transition --- energy policy --- electrification --- agent-based modelling --- levelized cost of mobility --- dynamic positioning --- gamification --- ship’s electrical power system --- regulation --- Madeira --- GENeSYS-MOD --- open energy modelling --- Mexico --- 100% renewable energy

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This book aims to provide research and engineering applications related to water and hydraulic problems. It is comprised of scientific papers in all topics of hydraulics, in particular, on sustainable water management, environmental hydraulics, ecohydraulics, water–energy nexus, and systems protection and efficiency. Safety and innovation issues, interdisciplinary problems, and linkage of theory to experimental and field applications can also be found within. Solutions of water problems in the form of prediction models, flow simulations, engineering systems, monitoring, management strategies covering scientific investigations and/or experimental or field studies of flow behaviour, hydrodynamics, and climate changes effects and adaptation, new design solutions, innovative approaches in the field of environment, hydraulics, techniques, methods, and analyses to address the new challenges in environmental hydraulics are alo presented and explored. This topic is studied both from a technical and environmental point of view, with the objective of protecting and enhancing the quality of the environment. In a cross-disciplinary field of study, this book comprises open channel/river flows and pressurised systems, combining, among others, new technological, social, and environmental hydraulic challenges, working in water-related fields with available information, new concepts and tools, new design solutions, eco-friendly technologies, and the advanced materials necessary to address the increasing challenges of ensuring a sustainable water environment by promoting the adaptation, flexibility, integration, and sustainability of recognised environmental solutions.

Technology: general issues --- water well --- hydraulic efficiency --- degradation --- engineering structure --- well ageing --- lifespan --- well operation --- water well management --- sustainable efficiency --- frozen soil --- soil freezing curve --- hydraulic conductivity --- fractal model --- Darcy’s law --- dissolved phosphorus --- hydrodynamic condition --- Lattice Boltzmann method --- release characteristics --- stormwater reuse --- SCS curve number --- CFD --- fecal indicator bacteria --- E. coli --- fish protection --- head loss --- intake --- hydraulics of renewable energy systems --- hydraulic structure design and management --- scale model test --- canal pool --- delay time --- volume compensation --- feedforward control --- downstream constant water level --- toothed internal energy dissipaters (TIED) --- area contraction ratio --- over-current capability --- energy dissipation rate --- time-averaged pressure --- pulsating pressure --- time-averaged velocity --- pulsating velocity --- water level --- Three Gorges Dam --- hydrodynamic model --- river–lake system --- Poyang Lake --- jet falling --- energy dissipation --- surface disturbances --- pressure fluctuations --- water jet --- physical modeling --- water flow diversity --- permeable spur dike --- fish aggregation effect --- channel regulation --- suspended vegetation --- FTW --- ADV --- velocity profile --- submerge ratio --- SVF --- hydro-energy --- CAES --- transient flow --- energy concept --- energy storage --- similarity law --- erosion --- cohesive sediments --- rotating circular flume --- mathematical modelling --- fitting coefficients --- sediment deposition --- flocculation --- bed shear stress --- consolidation --- hydrostatic pressure machine --- micro hydropower --- open source --- sliding mesh --- volume of fluid --- caffa3d --- pumped hydro storage (PHS) --- hybrid hydro-wind-solar solutions --- technical feasibility --- new power generation --- new hydraulic concepts --- sustainable developments --- CFD models --- water systems efficiency --- hydropower systems --- eco-design --- environmentally-friendly solutions --- hydrologic and ecologic challenges --- hydraulic structures --- free surface flows --- pressurised flows --- soil structure --- groundwater --- erosion and energy dissipaters --- hydrodynamics