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Direct democracy is designed to better align public resource allocation decisions with citizen preferences. Using a randomized field experiment in 250 villages across Afghanistan, this paper compares outcomes of secret-ballot referenda with those of consultation meetings, which adhere to customary decision-making practices. Elites are found to exert influence over meeting outcomes, but not over referenda outcomes, which are driven primarily by citizen preferences. Referenda are also found to improve public satisfaction, whereas elite domination of allocation processes has a negative effect. The results indicate that the use of direct democracy in public resource allocation results in more legitimate outcomes than those produced by customary processes.

Customary decision-making --- Direct democracy --- Housing & Human Habitats --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Parliamentary Government --- Peri-Urban Communities --- Public resources --- Public satisfaction --- Resource allocation --- Rural Urban Linkages --- Social Accountability

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Climate change has become a real problem in our time. This book examines the issue of how public policies can adapt to climate change. The study of two very specific cases, situated at opposing points of the world – India and Switzerland – illustrate this question. Depuis le début des années 2000, l’insuffisance des efforts politiques pour réduire drastiquement les émissions globales de gaz à effet de serre a conduit au renforcement d’un discours sur la nécessité de s’adapter au changement climatique. Particulièrement dans les régions vulnérables aux effets du changement climatique, une transformation des politiques de gestion de l’environnement apparaît comme nécessaire afin de réduire les risques et d’exploiter les nouvelles opportunités découlant du changement climatique et de ses im-pacts. Or, si les analystes constatent un développement des activités d’adaptation au changement climatique, peu de travaux interrogent l’efficacité réelle des mesures actuelles et leurs éventuelles limites. Cet ouvrage tente de combler cette lacune en déconstruisant la notion d’adaptation au changement climatique et en interrogeant sa signification réelle pour la conduite des politiques à incidence environnementale. Il exa-mine de manière théorique en quoi l’adaptation au changement climatique nécessiterait des réformes de l’action publique. Puis, il examine l’état des pratiques actuelles au travers d’études de cas dans le secteur agricole en Inde (Rajasthan et Maharashtra) et dans le secteur du tourisme hivernal en Suisse (Alpes vaudoises et vallée de Joux). Sur la base de cette incursion théorique et empirique dans l’univers de ces nouvelles politiques de gestion de l’environnement, l’auteur discute des limitations observées et suggère des voies d’amélioration pour le futur.

Climatic changes --- Global environmental change. --- Government policy. --- public policy standards --- public action --- norme de politique publique --- action publique --- climate change --- changement climatique --- attribution de ressources publiques --- allocation of public resources

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This paper examines a puzzle in the political economy of infrastructure in India - the co-existence of relatively low shares of capital spending in public budgets alongside evidence of large demand for village infrastructure from poor voters. It argues that this pattern is due to infrastructure projects being used at the margin for political rent-seeking, while spending on employment and welfare transfers are the preferred vehicles to win votes for re-election. New suggestive evidence on the variation of public spending composition across states, and within states over time is offered that is consistent with this argument. This evidence underscores a growing argument in the development literature that the level and composition of public spending per se may not be sufficient metrics to assess the quality of public goods policies - greater infrastructure spending in some contexts may go to political rents rather than to the actual delivery of broad public goods for growth and poverty reduction.

Accounting --- Capital Projects --- Debt --- Debt Markets --- Debt servicing --- Electricity --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Fiscal policies --- Governance --- Government spending --- Housing --- National Governance --- Parliamentary Government --- Public --- Public expenditure --- Public goods --- Public infrastructure --- Public investment --- Public resources --- Public sector --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Economics --- Public Sector Management and Reform --- Public spending --- Roads --- Savings --- Taxation --- User charges

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This paper examines a puzzle in the political economy of infrastructure in India - the co-existence of relatively low shares of capital spending in public budgets alongside evidence of large demand for village infrastructure from poor voters. It argues that this pattern is due to infrastructure projects being used at the margin for political rent-seeking, while spending on employment and welfare transfers are the preferred vehicles to win votes for re-election. New suggestive evidence on the variation of public spending composition across states, and within states over time is offered that is consistent with this argument. This evidence underscores a growing argument in the development literature that the level and composition of public spending per se may not be sufficient metrics to assess the quality of public goods policies - greater infrastructure spending in some contexts may go to political rents rather than to the actual delivery of broad public goods for growth and poverty reduction.

Accounting --- Capital Projects --- Debt --- Debt Markets --- Debt servicing --- Electricity --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Fiscal policies --- Governance --- Government spending --- Housing --- National Governance --- Parliamentary Government --- Public --- Public expenditure --- Public goods --- Public infrastructure --- Public investment --- Public resources --- Public sector --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Economics --- Public Sector Management and Reform --- Public spending --- Roads --- Savings --- Taxation --- User charges

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Drawing on ten years of empirical work and research, analyses of how open development has played out in practice. A decade ago, a significant trend toward openness emerged in international development. "Open development" can describe initiatives as disparate as open government, open health data, open science, open education, and open innovation. The theory was that open systems related to data, science, and innovation would enable more inclusive processes of human development. This volume, drawing on ten years of empirical work and research, analyzes how open development has played out in practice.

Economic development --- Gender mainstreaming. --- Human rights. --- International cooperation. --- Basic rights --- Civil rights (International law) --- Human rights --- Rights, Human --- Rights of man --- Human security --- Transitional justice --- Truth commissions --- Analysis, Gender-based --- GBA (Gender-based analysis) --- Gender-based analysis --- Gender mainstreaming in biodiversity conservation --- Mainstreaming, Gender --- Social sciences --- Sex discrimination --- Law and legislation --- Methodology --- access --- broadband --- collaborative science --- communications --- connectivity --- crowdsourcing --- data --- development --- digital economy --- ecology --- economics --- education --- educational resources --- entrepreneurship --- equity --- gender --- geography --- global --- global development --- global markets --- government --- health --- inclusion --- inequality --- information --- information science --- innovation hubs --- internet --- knowledge --- knowledge exchange --- logistics --- marginality --- MOOCs --- NGOs --- OCSDNet --- online platforms --- open access --- open data --- open innovation --- openness --- open science --- policy --- politics --- public resources --- Reddit --- resource distribution --- social inclusion --- technology --- telecommunications --- telecommunications reform --- U.N. --- UNDP --- university --- wi-fi