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Carotenoids are uniquely functional polyene pigments that are ubiquitous in nature; aside from being responsible for the color of a wide variety of vegetables, interest has been focused on food carotenoids due to their likely health benefits. This Special Issue, “Carotenoids in Fresh and Processed Food: Between Biosynthesis and Degradation”, consists of five peer-reviewed papers that cover a numerous new insights on the chemistry of carotenoids together with some observations related to their protection from photodegradation. Moreover, other considerations about their biosynthesis and influencing parameters in fresh food are included.

Research & information: general --- HPLC-DAD-MS --- 5,6-/5,8-epoxyxanthophylls --- elicitors --- pheophytins --- chlorophylls --- vineyard aspect --- vineyard topography --- vine vigor --- heat accumulation --- temperature --- photosynthetically active radiation --- lutein --- neoxanthin --- β-carotene --- carotenoids --- traditional food --- light-emitting diodes --- pulsed electric field --- zeaxanthin --- flavonoid --- carotenoid --- salicylic acid --- methyl jasmonate --- citrus fruit --- juice sacs --- eugenol --- photoprotection --- provitamin A --- HPLC-DAD-MS --- 5,6-/5,8-epoxyxanthophylls --- elicitors --- pheophytins --- chlorophylls --- vineyard aspect --- vineyard topography --- vine vigor --- heat accumulation --- temperature --- photosynthetically active radiation --- lutein --- neoxanthin --- β-carotene --- carotenoids --- traditional food --- light-emitting diodes --- pulsed electric field --- zeaxanthin --- flavonoid --- carotenoid --- salicylic acid --- methyl jasmonate --- citrus fruit --- juice sacs --- eugenol --- photoprotection --- provitamin A

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Carotenoids are a group of approximately 600 compounds synthesized by photosynthetic organisms. These pigments are abundant in fruits and vegetables, as well as in certain animal products such as eggs and salmon, being responsible for their colorful appearance. The bioactive properties of certain carotenoids in human health are clear, as some of these compounds have antioxidant properties and serve as the only precursors of vitamin A in nature. The aim of this Special Issue entitled “Carotenoids and Human Health” is to provide the scientific community with an updated perspective of this exciting and growing research area. We compiled 19 papers from some of the most prominent scientists in the carotenoid field, including seven literature reviews and 12 original publication, covering topics such as cancer, obesity, vision, cognitive function, and skin health.

membrane transporters --- RAR --- browning --- astaxanthin --- Vitamin A --- case-control study --- ?-carotene --- transcriptomic analysis --- new-born --- carotenes --- cancer-related cognitive impairment --- androgen --- beta-carotene --- eicosapentanoic acid --- mango by-products --- mangiferin --- cell culture --- chronic disease --- Akkermansia --- animal --- intestine --- carotenoids --- alcoholic fatty liver disease --- Phaeodactylum tricornutum --- carotenoid --- tomato --- colourless carotenoids --- preterm mothers --- inflammation --- ?-Cryptoxanthin --- adipocytes --- vitamin A --- gastric cancer --- food ingredients --- brain --- gut microbiota --- zeaxanthin --- nutricosmetics --- brown adipose tissue --- bioactive compounds --- breastfeeding --- aging --- oxidative stress --- retinoids --- phytofluene --- glaucoma --- H. pylori --- retinoid --- tomato extract --- retinol --- ?-cryptoxanthin --- microalgae --- fucoxanthin --- obesity --- macular pigment --- carotene --- photoprotection --- adipose tissue --- lutein --- metabolic syndrome --- Caenorhabditis elegans --- functional foods --- beta-cryptoxanthin --- retinoic acid --- nutrition --- lycopene --- bioavailability --- nutraceuticals --- adipocyte --- ?-tocopherol --- phytoene --- memory --- cosmeceuticals --- antioxidants --- mature milk --- RXR --- fat reduction --- xanthophylls --- colostrum --- smoking --- overweight --- provitamin A --- public health --- Korea --- ?-carotene oxygenase 1 --- cognition --- full-term mothers --- hippocampus --- alpha-carotene --- prostate cancer --- hypertension

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Abiotic stress represents the main constraint for agriculture, affecting plant growth and productivity worldwide. Yield losses in agriculture will be potentiated in the future by global warming, increasing contamination, and reduced availability of fertile land. The challenge for agriculture of the present and future is that of increasing the food supply for a continuously growing human population under environmental conditions that are deteriorating in many areas of the world. Minimizing the effects of diverse types of abiotic stresses represents a matter of general concern. Research on all topics related to abiotic stress tolerance, from understanding the stress response mechanisms of plants to developing cultivars and crops tolerant to stress, is a priority. This Special Issue is focused on the physiological and molecular characterization of crop resistance to abiotic stresses, including novel research, reviews, and opinion articles covering all aspects of the responses and mechanisms of plant tolerance to abiotic. Contributions on physiological, biochemical, and molecular studies of crop responses to abiotic stresses; the description and role of stress-responsive genes; marker-assisted screening of stress-tolerant genotypes; genetic engineering; and other biotechnological approaches to improve crop tolerance were considered.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- silicon --- strawberry --- total antioxidants --- drought --- stress responses --- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) --- Rhizophagus clarus --- flood --- plants --- hormonal homeostasis --- physiological activity --- drought tolerance --- LEA --- Tevang 1 maize --- tobacco --- xylem vessel --- water stress --- root anatomy --- vegetable crops --- stomatal conductance --- canopy temperature --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- SPAD --- common buckwheat --- cotyledon --- root --- drought stress --- transcriptome analysis --- alfalfa --- evaluation --- growth --- heat stress --- physiological traits --- sodium azide --- okra --- waterlogging stress --- antioxidants --- gene expression --- salinity --- sodium --- potassium --- ion homeostasis-transport determinants --- CBL gene family --- Provitamin A --- maize --- morphological --- physiological --- biochemical --- β-carotene --- Capsicum annuum L. --- salt stress --- salicylic acid --- yeast --- proline --- pomegranate --- transcriptome --- tissue-specific --- signaling transduction pathways --- transcription factors --- ultrastructure --- osmotic stress --- wheat --- barley --- summer maize --- female panicle --- Abiotic stress --- climate change --- combined drought and heat stress --- genetic resources --- landrace accessions --- coated-urea fertilizer --- humic acid --- lignosulfonate --- natural polymers --- seaweed extract --- aquaporin --- Brassica rapa --- gas exchange parameters --- root hydraulic conductance --- zinc --- ALA --- abiotic stress --- chlorophyll --- photosynthesis --- antioxidant enzyme --- tomato cultivars --- salinity tolerance --- antioxidant activity --- lycopene --- ascorbic acid --- total polyphenols content --- Capsicum annuum --- root structure --- root hairs --- phosphorus use efficiency --- P-starvation --- macrominerals --- nutrient --- breeding --- eggplant --- wild relative --- vegetative growth --- ion homeostasis --- osmolytes --- oxidative stress --- Phaseolus --- landrace --- seed --- germination --- genetic approach --- sustainable agriculture --- weeds --- natural herbicides --- secondary metabolites --- postemergence --- phytotoxicity --- abiotic stress biomarkers --- bean landraces --- plant breeding --- salt stress tolerance --- water deficit --- water stress tolerance --- tea plant --- cold stress --- chitosan oligosaccharide --- physiological response --- plant growth --- agriculture --- traditions --- pseudo-science --- lunar phases --- physics --- biology --- education --- flooding --- nutrient stress --- ROS --- silicon --- strawberry --- total antioxidants --- drought --- stress responses --- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) --- Rhizophagus clarus --- flood --- plants --- hormonal homeostasis --- physiological activity --- drought tolerance --- LEA --- Tevang 1 maize --- tobacco --- xylem vessel --- water stress --- root anatomy --- vegetable crops --- stomatal conductance --- canopy temperature --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- SPAD --- common buckwheat --- cotyledon --- root --- drought stress --- transcriptome analysis --- alfalfa --- evaluation --- growth --- heat stress --- physiological traits --- sodium azide --- okra --- waterlogging stress --- antioxidants --- gene expression --- salinity --- sodium --- potassium --- ion homeostasis-transport determinants --- CBL gene family --- Provitamin A --- maize --- morphological --- physiological --- biochemical --- β-carotene --- Capsicum annuum L. --- salt stress --- salicylic acid --- yeast --- proline --- pomegranate --- transcriptome --- tissue-specific --- signaling transduction pathways --- transcription factors --- ultrastructure --- osmotic stress --- wheat --- barley --- summer maize --- female panicle --- Abiotic stress --- climate change --- combined drought and heat stress --- genetic resources --- landrace accessions --- coated-urea fertilizer --- humic acid --- lignosulfonate --- natural polymers --- seaweed extract --- aquaporin --- Brassica rapa --- gas exchange parameters --- root hydraulic conductance --- zinc --- ALA --- abiotic stress --- chlorophyll --- photosynthesis --- antioxidant enzyme --- tomato cultivars --- salinity tolerance --- antioxidant activity --- lycopene --- ascorbic acid --- total polyphenols content --- Capsicum annuum --- root structure --- root hairs --- phosphorus use efficiency --- P-starvation --- macrominerals --- nutrient --- breeding --- eggplant --- wild relative --- vegetative growth --- ion homeostasis --- osmolytes --- oxidative stress --- Phaseolus --- landrace --- seed --- germination --- genetic approach --- sustainable agriculture --- weeds --- natural herbicides --- secondary metabolites --- postemergence --- phytotoxicity --- abiotic stress biomarkers --- bean landraces --- plant breeding --- salt stress tolerance --- water deficit --- water stress tolerance --- tea plant --- cold stress --- chitosan oligosaccharide --- physiological response --- plant growth --- agriculture --- traditions --- pseudo-science --- lunar phases --- physics --- biology --- education --- flooding --- nutrient stress --- ROS