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This Special Issue is a collection of selected papers from the 3rd European Congress on Imaging Infection and Inflammation (www.nuclearmedicinediscovery.org/events.asp) and results of consensus sessions by major experts in the field including Nuclear Medicine physicians, Radiologists, Clinicians and microbiologists. The Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) provides an opportunity to publish data that were presented and discussed at the meeting in Rome in December 2019. One of the extremely important missions of this meeting was to present the recently published guidelines on diagnostic imaging of infections, and find a consensus agreement on some still controversial issues. With this in mind, the aim of the present Special Issue is to publish selected papers on: • Overviews on published guidelines • Review on recent development of diagnostic imaging of infections • Consensus document on the use of FDG and WBC in infections • Consensus document on the requirement for new radiopharmaceuticals for imaging bacteria

infection --- vascular graft --- multimodality imaging --- WBC scintigraphy --- FDG-PET/CT --- angio-CT --- personalized medicine --- spondylodiscitis --- spine infection --- MRI --- 18F-FDG PET/CT --- diabetic foot --- diagnosis --- FDG PET/CT --- polymeric nanoparticles --- PLGA --- optical imaging --- tumor targeting --- imaging --- [18F]FDG PET/CT --- fever of unknown origin --- FUO --- PET/CT --- 18F-FDG-PET/CT --- Infective endocarditis --- echocardiography --- computed tomography --- magnetic resonance imaging --- nuclear imaging --- positron emission tomography --- endocarditis team --- cardiac implantable electronic device --- bacteria --- radiopharmaceutical --- molecular imaging --- nuclear medicine --- prosthetic joint infection --- SPECT/CT --- radiology

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New approaches to deal with the growing concern associated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria are in great demand. For many years, antibiotics have widely been employed to treat infections. However, their excessive consumption and misuse have accelerated the rise of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, which constitute a major challenge to global health. The antibiotic crisis is now a general concern; therefore, alternative biomolecules or drug delivery systems to treat infections are urgently needed. From natural extracts to traditional medicine remedies, to newly engineered nanocapsules and nanoparticles, to bio-based, biodegradable delivery platforms, many systems to fight infections are explored in this book.

nanoparticles --- 4-Nerolidylcatechol --- antifungals --- Microsporum canis --- polycaprolactone --- nanoprecipitation --- silver nanoparticles --- green synthesis method --- Catharanthus roseus --- Azadirachta indica --- multidrug-resistant bacteria --- wound healing --- nosocomial infection --- plant extract --- grapefruit seed extract --- antibacterial activity --- fiber–hydrogel composite --- biodegradable polymers --- skin regeneration --- drug delivery platforms --- controlled release --- tetramycin --- antimicrobial activity --- kiwifruit disease --- conventional antibiotics --- storage quality --- gold nanoparticles --- flavonoids --- Gram-negative bacteria --- DNA gyrase --- in silico --- multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB) --- hypertonic saline --- antibiotics --- biofilm --- aerosol delivery --- ultrahigh-throughput screening --- live biosensors --- antibiotic discovery --- gram-negative pathogens --- microfluidic droplet cocultivation --- efficient promoters --- polymyxins --- colistin biosynthetic gene cluster --- single cell --- multi-omics --- quercetin --- magnesium-doped calcium silicate --- osteogenic activity --- bone regeneration and nanofiber scaffold --- bulk-tank milk --- mastitis --- methicillin --- milk --- goat --- somatic cell counts --- staphylococcus --- tetracycline --- total bacterial counts --- prosthetic joint infection --- local prevention --- allicin --- chitosan --- Sphaerotheca sp. --- antibiotic --- Rosa roxburghii --- cyclic diphenylphosphonate --- quinoline --- DNA gyrase inhibitor --- molecular docking --- magnesium ion --- n/a --- fiber-hydrogel composite

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This Special Issue of the International Journal of Molecular Science comprises a comprehensive study on “Antimicrobial Materials with Medical Applications”. The Special Issue has been inspired by the great progress made in the development of new antimicrobial materials that go beyond the resistance of microbes to modern antibiotics. It covers a selection of recent research and review articles in the field of antimicrobial materials and their medical applications. Moreover, it also provides an overview of this increasingly diverse field, presenting recent developments and the latest research, with particular emphasis on new antimicrobial surfaces, medical devices, contact lens, package materials, etc.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Microbiology (non-medical) --- bisdemethoxycurcumin --- curcumin --- curcuminoid --- demethoxycurcumin --- photodynamic inactivation --- Staphylococcus aureus --- Staphylococcus epidermis --- prosthetic joint infection --- fracture-related infection --- bone graft substitute --- revision arthroplasty --- local antibiotic --- antimicrobial activity --- oxo-titanium(IV) complexes --- polymer-inorganic composites --- physicochemical properties --- thermal properties --- multi-functionalized cellulose microfibers --- controlled release --- wound dressing --- antioxidant activity --- sericin --- AgNPs --- ZnO --- green synthesis --- cavity disinfection --- antimicrobial substances --- chlorhexidine --- adhesion --- bonding --- dental caries --- Cr2O3 --- Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet --- antibacterial --- anticancer --- antioxidant --- biocompatibility --- metallic nanoparticles --- silver --- gold --- synthesis --- characterization --- surface reactivity --- stability --- antibacterial activity --- Escherichia coli --- multidrug resistant bacteria --- silver nanoparticles --- oregano leaves' extract --- antimicrobial materials --- hydrogels --- contact lens --- plasma electrolytic oxidation --- additive manufacturing --- titanium bone implants --- antibacterial biomaterials --- surface biofunctionalization --- implant-associated infection --- cavity disinfectants --- primary teeth --- bond strength --- face shield --- facial protective equipment --- SARS-CoV-2 --- phage phi 6 --- MRSA --- MRSE --- polyethylene terephthalate --- benzalkonium chloride --- COVID-19 --- multidrug-resistant bacteria --- bioreduction --- biocapping agent --- bionanofactories --- biomedical --- bisdemethoxycurcumin --- curcumin --- curcuminoid --- demethoxycurcumin --- photodynamic inactivation --- Staphylococcus aureus --- Staphylococcus epidermis --- prosthetic joint infection --- fracture-related infection --- bone graft substitute --- revision arthroplasty --- local antibiotic --- antimicrobial activity --- oxo-titanium(IV) complexes --- polymer-inorganic composites --- physicochemical properties --- thermal properties --- multi-functionalized cellulose microfibers --- controlled release --- wound dressing --- antioxidant activity --- sericin --- AgNPs --- ZnO --- green synthesis --- cavity disinfection --- antimicrobial substances --- chlorhexidine --- adhesion --- bonding --- dental caries --- Cr2O3 --- Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet --- antibacterial --- anticancer --- antioxidant --- biocompatibility --- metallic nanoparticles --- silver --- gold --- synthesis --- characterization --- surface reactivity --- stability --- antibacterial activity --- Escherichia coli --- multidrug resistant bacteria --- silver nanoparticles --- oregano leaves' extract --- antimicrobial materials --- hydrogels --- contact lens --- plasma electrolytic oxidation --- additive manufacturing --- titanium bone implants --- antibacterial biomaterials --- surface biofunctionalization --- implant-associated infection --- cavity disinfectants --- primary teeth --- bond strength --- face shield --- facial protective equipment --- SARS-CoV-2 --- phage phi 6 --- MRSA --- MRSE --- polyethylene terephthalate --- benzalkonium chloride --- COVID-19 --- multidrug-resistant bacteria --- bioreduction --- biocapping agent --- bionanofactories --- biomedical

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In the past, osseointegration was regarded to be a mode of implant anchorage that simulated a simple wound healing phenomenon. Today, we have evidence that osseointegration is, in fact, a foreign body reaction that involves an immunologically derived bony demarcation of an implant to shield it off from the tissues. Marginal bone resorption around an oral implant cannot be properly understood without realizing the foreign body nature of the implant itself. Whereas the immunological response as such is positive for implant longevity, adverse immunological reactions may cause marginal bone loss in combination with combined factors. Combined factors include the hardware, clinical handling as well as patient characteristics that, even if each one of these factors only produce subliminal trauma, when acting together they may result in loss of marginal bone. The role of bacteria in the process of marginal bone loss is smaller than previously believed due to combined defense mechanisms of inflammation and immunological reactions, but if the defense is failing we may see bacterially induced marginal bone loss as well. However, problems with loss of marginal bone threatening implant survival remains relatively uncommon; we have today 10 years of clinical documentation of five different types of implant displaying a failure rate in the range of only 1 to 4 %.

Medicine --- osseointegration --- dental implant --- peri-implantitis --- ligature-induced peri-implantitis --- aseptic loosening --- systematic review --- immune system --- biomaterials --- foreign body reaction --- in vivo study --- oral implants --- marginal bone loss --- immunomodulation --- mechanotransduction --- Crestal bone loss --- osseosufficiency --- osseoseparation --- photoacoustic ultrasound --- brain–bone axis --- overloading --- radiography --- CBCT (cone beam computerized tomography) --- osteogenesis --- osteotomy --- bone healing --- bone chips --- drilling tool design --- fused deposition modeling --- polyether ether ketone --- biocomposite --- orthopedic implant --- oral implant --- mechanical properties --- wettability --- topography --- biocompatibility --- cell adhesion --- peri-implant endosseous healing --- dental implantation --- alveolar bone loss --- alveolar bone remodeling/regeneration --- bone biology --- finite element analysis (FEA) --- biomechanics --- cell plasticity --- dental implants --- electron microscopy --- scanning transmission electron microscopy --- bone-implant interface --- bone loss --- overdenture --- implant survival --- implant surface --- soft tissue --- split-mouth design --- oral health-related quality of life --- patient-reported outcome measures --- biomaterial --- bone --- immune --- implant --- healing --- titanium --- PEEK --- Cu --- micro-RNA --- microarray --- predictive biomarker --- epigenomics --- mucositis --- diagnosis --- over-treatment --- iatrogenic damage --- abutment height --- subcrestal implants --- implant insertion depth --- vertical mucosal thickness --- biological width --- implant installation --- anchorage technique --- histology --- intraosseous temperature --- finite element model --- ligature induced peri-implantitis --- arthroplasty --- replacement --- hip --- hypersensitivity --- contact --- allergy and immunology --- cytokines --- Interleukin-8 --- surface properties --- materials testing --- implant contamination --- scanning electron microscopy --- energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry --- convergence --- clinical study --- biofilm --- infection --- perio-prosthetic joint infection --- periimplantitis --- electrolytic cleaning --- n/a --- zirconia --- insertion --- bone–implant interface --- heat --- bone damage --- early loss --- augmentation --- air flow --- re-osseointegration --- classification of bone defects --- dog study --- brain-bone axis

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In the past, osseointegration was regarded to be a mode of implant anchorage that simulated a simple wound healing phenomenon. Today, we have evidence that osseointegration is, in fact, a foreign body reaction that involves an immunologically derived bony demarcation of an implant to shield it off from the tissues. Marginal bone resorption around an oral implant cannot be properly understood without realizing the foreign body nature of the implant itself. Whereas the immunological response as such is positive for implant longevity, adverse immunological reactions may cause marginal bone loss in combination with combined factors. Combined factors include the hardware, clinical handling as well as patient characteristics that, even if each one of these factors only produce subliminal trauma, when acting together they may result in loss of marginal bone. The role of bacteria in the process of marginal bone loss is smaller than previously believed due to combined defense mechanisms of inflammation and immunological reactions, but if the defense is failing we may see bacterially induced marginal bone loss as well. However, problems with loss of marginal bone threatening implant survival remains relatively uncommon; we have today 10 years of clinical documentation of five different types of implant displaying a failure rate in the range of only 1 to 4 %.

Medicine --- osseointegration --- dental implant --- peri-implantitis --- ligature-induced peri-implantitis --- aseptic loosening --- systematic review --- immune system --- biomaterials --- foreign body reaction --- in vivo study --- oral implants --- marginal bone loss --- immunomodulation --- mechanotransduction --- Crestal bone loss --- osseosufficiency --- osseoseparation --- photoacoustic ultrasound --- brain-bone axis --- overloading --- radiography --- CBCT (cone beam computerized tomography) --- osteogenesis --- osteotomy --- bone healing --- bone chips --- drilling tool design --- fused deposition modeling --- polyether ether ketone --- biocomposite --- orthopedic implant --- oral implant --- mechanical properties --- wettability --- topography --- biocompatibility --- cell adhesion --- peri-implant endosseous healing --- dental implantation --- alveolar bone loss --- alveolar bone remodeling/regeneration --- bone biology --- finite element analysis (FEA) --- biomechanics --- cell plasticity --- dental implants --- electron microscopy --- scanning transmission electron microscopy --- bone-implant interface --- bone loss --- overdenture --- implant survival --- implant surface --- soft tissue --- split-mouth design --- oral health-related quality of life --- patient-reported outcome measures --- biomaterial --- bone --- immune --- implant --- healing --- titanium --- PEEK --- Cu --- micro-RNA --- microarray --- predictive biomarker --- epigenomics --- mucositis --- diagnosis --- over-treatment --- iatrogenic damage --- abutment height --- subcrestal implants --- implant insertion depth --- vertical mucosal thickness --- biological width --- implant installation --- anchorage technique --- histology --- intraosseous temperature --- finite element model --- ligature induced peri-implantitis --- arthroplasty --- replacement --- hip --- hypersensitivity --- contact --- allergy and immunology --- cytokines --- Interleukin-8 --- surface properties --- materials testing --- implant contamination --- scanning electron microscopy --- energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry --- convergence --- clinical study --- biofilm --- infection --- perio-prosthetic joint infection --- periimplantitis --- electrolytic cleaning --- zirconia --- insertion --- bone-implant interface --- heat --- bone damage --- early loss --- augmentation --- air flow --- re-osseointegration --- classification of bone defects --- dog study --- osseointegration --- dental implant --- peri-implantitis --- ligature-induced peri-implantitis --- aseptic loosening --- systematic review --- immune system --- biomaterials --- foreign body reaction --- in vivo study --- oral implants --- marginal bone loss --- immunomodulation --- mechanotransduction --- Crestal bone loss --- osseosufficiency --- osseoseparation --- photoacoustic ultrasound --- brain-bone axis --- overloading --- radiography --- CBCT (cone beam computerized tomography) --- osteogenesis --- osteotomy --- bone healing --- bone chips --- drilling tool design --- fused deposition modeling --- polyether ether ketone --- biocomposite --- orthopedic implant --- oral implant --- mechanical properties --- wettability --- topography --- biocompatibility --- cell adhesion --- peri-implant endosseous healing --- dental implantation --- alveolar bone loss --- alveolar bone remodeling/regeneration --- bone biology --- finite element analysis (FEA) --- biomechanics --- cell plasticity --- dental implants --- electron microscopy --- scanning transmission electron microscopy --- bone-implant interface --- bone loss --- overdenture --- implant survival --- implant surface --- soft tissue --- split-mouth design --- oral health-related quality of life --- patient-reported outcome measures --- biomaterial --- bone --- immune --- implant --- healing --- titanium --- PEEK --- Cu --- micro-RNA --- microarray --- predictive biomarker --- epigenomics --- mucositis --- diagnosis --- over-treatment --- iatrogenic damage --- abutment height --- subcrestal implants --- implant insertion depth --- vertical mucosal thickness --- biological width --- implant installation --- anchorage technique --- histology --- intraosseous temperature --- finite element model --- ligature induced peri-implantitis --- arthroplasty --- replacement --- hip --- hypersensitivity --- contact --- allergy and immunology --- cytokines --- Interleukin-8 --- surface properties --- materials testing --- implant contamination --- scanning electron microscopy --- energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry --- convergence --- clinical study --- biofilm --- infection --- perio-prosthetic joint infection --- periimplantitis --- electrolytic cleaning --- zirconia --- insertion --- bone-implant interface --- heat --- bone damage --- early loss --- augmentation --- air flow --- re-osseointegration --- classification of bone defects --- dog study