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"This comparative analysis examines the scope of prosecutorial powers at different phases of criminal investigation in four countries: the United States, Italy, Poland, and Germany. In all of these countries, where the majority of cases are decided by forms of adjudication in which judges are often called to just confirm agreements achieved between parties, the criminal investigation has become a central point of the criminal process. It is important to make a conscience determination regarding who shall be in charge of this stage of the process. Prosecutors have gained tremendous powers to influence the outcome of the criminal cases, including powers once reserved only for judges. The book attempts to answer the question of whether in the system in which the role of the trial is diminishing, and where the significance of criminal investigation is constantly growing, should the powers of the prosecutor at the early stage of the process be enhanced. Using a problem-oriented approach that begins with the identification of a problem and then looks for potential common solutions, the book provides a parallel analysis of each country along five possible spheres of prosecutorial engagement: commencing criminal investigation, conducting criminal investigation, undertaking the initial charging decision, imposing coercive measures and discontinuing criminal investigation. Using the competing models of the adversarial versus inquisitorial approach as a framework, the focus is on the prosecutor as a crucial figure of criminal process and investigation to various degrees in different systems. The insights of this comparative treatment are relevant to students and academics in criminal justice, criminology, law, and public policy, as well as policymakers, government officials, and others interested in legal reform"--

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Private prosecutors

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Public prosecutors.

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Це перша книжка, присвячена життю, діяльності і трагічний долі Олександра Шумського (1890-1946). Колишній соціаліст-революціонер, згодом лідер партії "боротьбістів", а потім член більшовицької партії, народний комісар освіти у 1919 та в 1924-1927 роках, він залишався українським патріотом, часто йшов "проти течії" офіційної політики. Недаремно комуністичний режим доволі рано зробив з нього, за визначенням сучасника, "нелюдину": спочатку прирік О. Шумського на десятирічне заслання, а потім жорстоко вбив. Видання містить унікальні документи комуністичної спецслужби, а також інші архівні ніколи не друковані джерела.

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Special prosecutors