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The central nervous system continuously perceives, integrates, processes and generates information. These complex functions rely on the detailed elaboration of its cellular network and on the myriads of individual, highly differentiated and specialized cell types, classically subdivided into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The specification of these individual populations begins early during development with less differentiated, yet already partly restricted, progenitor cells. Anatomically located in dedicated germinative niches, neural progenitors perceive the influence of diffusible molecules of various natures and concentrations. These signals result in the initial specialization of cohorts of progenitors that express unique combinations of transcription factors. It is now clearly established that both extrinsic and intrinsic signals act in concert to determine the fate potentials of these progenitor cohorts. This limitation increases over time, adult neural progenitors being more restricted than their developmental counterparts. Nevertheless, recent data have shown that the fate restriction of neural progenitors, as well as that of their progenies, can be overwritten upon selected intrinsic factor expression, not only during development but also in adulthood. This e-book is a collection of original research studies along with review articles that, together, provide insights into the vast spatiotemporal diversity of neural progenitors, and the various factors that govern their fate potential.

Fate Restriction --- Central Nervous System --- Neurons --- Astrocytes --- Extrinsic Signals --- neural progenitors --- specification --- Transcription Factors --- oligodendrocytes --- neurogenic niches

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The central nervous system continuously perceives, integrates, processes and generates information. These complex functions rely on the detailed elaboration of its cellular network and on the myriads of individual, highly differentiated and specialized cell types, classically subdivided into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The specification of these individual populations begins early during development with less differentiated, yet already partly restricted, progenitor cells. Anatomically located in dedicated germinative niches, neural progenitors perceive the influence of diffusible molecules of various natures and concentrations. These signals result in the initial specialization of cohorts of progenitors that express unique combinations of transcription factors. It is now clearly established that both extrinsic and intrinsic signals act in concert to determine the fate potentials of these progenitor cohorts. This limitation increases over time, adult neural progenitors being more restricted than their developmental counterparts. Nevertheless, recent data have shown that the fate restriction of neural progenitors, as well as that of their progenies, can be overwritten upon selected intrinsic factor expression, not only during development but also in adulthood. This e-book is a collection of original research studies along with review articles that, together, provide insights into the vast spatiotemporal diversity of neural progenitors, and the various factors that govern their fate potential.

Fate Restriction --- Central Nervous System --- Neurons --- Astrocytes --- Extrinsic Signals --- neural progenitors --- specification --- Transcription Factors --- oligodendrocytes --- neurogenic niches

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Recently, stem cells have been drawing increasing interest in basic and translational research that aims to understand stem cell biology and generate new therapies for various disorders. Many stem cells can be cultured in 2D relatively easily using tissue culture plastic. However, many of these cultures do not represent the natural conditions of stem cells in the body. In the body, microenvironments include numerous supporting cells and molecules. Therefore, researchers and clinicians have sought ideal stem cell preparations for basic research and clinical applications, which may be attainable through 3D culture of stem cells. The 3D cultures mimic the conditions of the natural environment of stem cells better, as cells in 3D cultures exhibit many unique and desirable characteristics that could be beneficial for therapeutic interventions. 3D stem cell cultures may employ supporting structures, such as various matrices or scaffolds, in addition to stem cells, to support complex structures. This book brings together recent research on 3D cultures of various stem cells to increase the basic understanding of stem cell culture techniques and also to highlight stem cell preparations for possible novel therapeutic applications.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- hematopoiesis --- hematopoietic stem cells --- stem cell culture --- 2D culture --- 3D culture --- embryonic stem cells --- three-dimensional --- self-assembling scaffold --- pluripotency --- culture conditions --- expansion --- growth --- niche --- human cortical progenitors --- silicon pillars --- cell growth --- hiPSC-derived neural progenitors --- cerebral cortex --- carcinogen --- protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) --- intestinal tumor --- intestinal organoid --- Lgr5+ crypt stem cell --- mouse embryonic stem cell --- differentiation protocol --- ureteric bud progenitor cells --- 3D kidney organoids --- intestinal organoids --- canine intestine --- differentiation --- organoid culture --- induced pluripotent stem cells --- neurospheres --- neurite outgrowth --- neurotoxicity --- hBM-MSCs --- cytokines --- tenogenic markers --- cyclic strain --- 3D microenvironment --- PLGA carriers --- bioreactor --- cardiac microtissues --- iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes --- cardiac fibroblasts --- cardiac fibrosis --- cardiac rhythm --- TGF-β signalling --- drug screening --- in vitro model --- stem cell --- 3D --- culture condition --- regenerative medicine --- scaffold --- organoid --- adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells --- stromal vascular fraction --- platelet rich plasma --- platelet concentrates --- veterinary regenerative medicine

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The book is a collection of original research and review articles addressing the intriguing field of the cellular and molecular players involved in muscle homeostasis and regeneration. One of the most ambitious aspirations of modern medical science is the possibility of regenerating any damaged part of the body, including skeletal muscle. This desire has prompted clinicians and researchers to search for innovative technologies aimed at replacing organs and tissues that are compromised. In this context, the papers, collected in this book, addressing a specific aspects of muscle homeostasis and regeneration under physiopathologic conditions, will help us to better understand the underlying mechanisms of muscle healing and will help to design more appropriate therapeutic approaches to improve muscle regeneration and to counteract muscle diseases.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- lysine --- mTORC1 --- satellite cells --- proliferation --- skeletal muscle growth --- muscle satellite cell --- transthyretin --- thyroid hormone --- myogenesis --- exosomes --- skeletal muscle --- genotype --- genetic variation --- muscle phenotypes --- sarcopenia --- aging --- calcium homeostasis --- hibernation --- mitochondria --- sarcoplasmic reticulum --- Acvr1b --- Tgfbr1 --- myostatin --- Col1a1 --- fibrosis --- atrophy --- IGF2R --- muscle homeostasis --- inflammation --- muscular dystrophy --- pericytes --- macrophages --- Nfix --- phagocytosis --- RhoA-ROCK1 --- splicing isoforms --- CRISPR-Cas9 --- exon deletion --- NF-Y --- muscle differentiation --- C2C12 cells --- denervation --- neuromuscular junction --- heavy resistance exercise --- acetylcholine receptor --- cell culture --- neonatal myosin --- neural cell adhesion molecule --- biomarkers --- mitophagy --- mitochondrial dynamics --- mitochondrial quality control --- mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) --- mitochondrial-lysosomal axis --- Hibernation --- electron microscopy --- immunocytochemistry --- α-smooth muscle actin --- confocal microscopy --- connexin 43 --- connexin 26 --- gap junctions --- myofibroblasts --- Platelet-Rich Plasma --- transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 --- muscle regeneration --- inflammatory response --- cell precursors --- experimental methods --- stem cell markers --- muscles --- heterotopic ossification --- skeletal muscle stem and progenitor cells --- HO precursors --- muscle atrophy --- septicemia --- mitochondrial fusion --- mitochondrial fission --- iPSC --- extracellular vesicles --- Drosophila --- muscle --- genetic control --- muscle diversification --- fascicle --- myofiber --- myofibril --- sarcomere --- hypertrophy --- hyperplasia --- splitting --- radial growth --- longitudinal growth --- exercise --- muscle stem cells --- stem cells niche --- neuromuscular disorders --- Duchenne muscular dystrophy --- pharmacological approach --- single-cell --- mass cytometry --- skeletal muscle regeneration --- skeletal muscle homeostasis --- fibro/adipogenic progenitors --- myogenic progenitors --- muscle populations --- evolution --- metazoans --- differentiation --- transdifferentiation --- muscle precursors --- regenerative medicine --- stem cells --- FAPs --- tissue niche --- growth factors --- muscle pathology

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The book is a collection of original research and review articles addressing the intriguing field of the cellular and molecular players involved in muscle homeostasis and regeneration. One of the most ambitious aspirations of modern medical science is the possibility of regenerating any damaged part of the body, including skeletal muscle. This desire has prompted clinicians and researchers to search for innovative technologies aimed at replacing organs and tissues that are compromised. In this context, the papers, collected in this book, addressing a specific aspects of muscle homeostasis and regeneration under physiopathologic conditions, will help us to better understand the underlying mechanisms of muscle healing and will help to design more appropriate therapeutic approaches to improve muscle regeneration and to counteract muscle diseases.

lysine --- mTORC1 --- satellite cells --- proliferation --- skeletal muscle growth --- muscle satellite cell --- transthyretin --- thyroid hormone --- myogenesis --- exosomes --- skeletal muscle --- genotype --- genetic variation --- muscle phenotypes --- sarcopenia --- aging --- calcium homeostasis --- hibernation --- mitochondria --- sarcoplasmic reticulum --- Acvr1b --- Tgfbr1 --- myostatin --- Col1a1 --- fibrosis --- atrophy --- IGF2R --- muscle homeostasis --- inflammation --- muscular dystrophy --- pericytes --- macrophages --- Nfix --- phagocytosis --- RhoA-ROCK1 --- splicing isoforms --- CRISPR-Cas9 --- exon deletion --- NF-Y --- muscle differentiation --- C2C12 cells --- denervation --- neuromuscular junction --- heavy resistance exercise --- acetylcholine receptor --- cell culture --- neonatal myosin --- neural cell adhesion molecule --- biomarkers --- mitophagy --- mitochondrial dynamics --- mitochondrial quality control --- mitochondrial-derived vesicles (MDVs) --- mitochondrial-lysosomal axis --- Hibernation --- electron microscopy --- immunocytochemistry --- α-smooth muscle actin --- confocal microscopy --- connexin 43 --- connexin 26 --- gap junctions --- myofibroblasts --- Platelet-Rich Plasma --- transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 --- muscle regeneration --- inflammatory response --- cell precursors --- experimental methods --- stem cell markers --- muscles --- heterotopic ossification --- skeletal muscle stem and progenitor cells --- HO precursors --- muscle atrophy --- septicemia --- mitochondrial fusion --- mitochondrial fission --- iPSC --- extracellular vesicles --- Drosophila --- muscle --- genetic control --- muscle diversification --- fascicle --- myofiber --- myofibril --- sarcomere --- hypertrophy --- hyperplasia --- splitting --- radial growth --- longitudinal growth --- exercise --- muscle stem cells --- stem cells niche --- neuromuscular disorders --- Duchenne muscular dystrophy --- pharmacological approach --- single-cell --- mass cytometry --- skeletal muscle regeneration --- skeletal muscle homeostasis --- fibro/adipogenic progenitors --- myogenic progenitors --- muscle populations --- evolution --- metazoans --- differentiation --- transdifferentiation --- muscle precursors --- regenerative medicine --- stem cells --- FAPs --- tissue niche --- growth factors --- muscle pathology