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This book addresses a key innovative technology for decarbonization of the energy system: hydrothermal processing. It basically consists of treating biomass and wastes in a wet form, under pressure and temperature condition. This approach is becoming more and more attractive, as new feedstock and applications are appearing on the scene of bioeconomy and bioenergy. The hydrothermal processing of various type of biomass, waste, and residues, thus, raised the interest of many researchers and companies around the world, together with downstream upgrading processes and technologies: solid products as biochar, for instance, or liquid ones as crude bioliquids, are finding new market opportunities in circular economy schemes. The Special Issue collects recent innovative research works in the field, from basic to applied research, as well as pilot industrial applications/demo. It is a valuable set of references for those investing time and effort in research in the field.

biorefinery --- life cycle assessment (LCA) --- drop-in biofuels --- lipids --- sensitivity analysis --- brewer’s spent grains (BSG) --- lignin --- nutrient recovery --- fuel properties --- Scenedesmus rubescens --- hydroprocessing --- combustion indices --- hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) --- fiber rejects --- upgrading --- aqueous co-product --- hydrotreating --- biofuel --- hydrothermal disintegration --- cell wall disruption --- two-steps carbonization --- hydrothermal processes --- fuzzy Delphi method --- process economics --- agricultural yield --- hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) --- acid addition --- microalgae extraction --- coal --- hydrochar --- fuzzy logic cognitive map --- Germany --- microalgal oils --- deinked sludge --- nitrogen distribution --- hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) --- sewage sludge --- fresh harvested --- hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) --- biomass --- struvite --- primary sludge --- EROI --- biocrude --- hydrothermal liquefaction --- electricity and heat production --- fractional distillation --- Spirulina --- cost of electricity --- secondary sludge --- depolymerization --- freeze-dried

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Due to their distinctive properties, ionic liquids have attracted the great and unflagging interest of researchers for over 30 years. This interest has been focused mainly on their use as a green alternative to volatile organic solvents. However, they often act not only as solvents but also as catalysts, catalyst immobilizers and initiators. Over 100 types of chemical reactions are known in which ionic liquids (ILs) were applied successfully. This Special Issue is aimed at showing the most recent advances and trends in the design, synthesis and characterization of catalysts based on ILs, as well as presenting their activity and application potential.

Technology: general issues --- oxidation --- N-hydroxyphthalimide --- immobilization --- ionic liquids --- SCILL --- plasticizers --- acidic catalysis --- terephthalate esters --- ortho-phthalate esters --- esterification --- solvents --- hydrosilylation --- alkynes --- heterogeneous catalysis --- rhodium catalysts --- cellulose --- deep eutectic solvents --- 5-HMF --- biphasic system --- homogeneous catalysis --- supercritical CO2 --- borylative coupling --- catalyst recycling --- green chemistry --- ruthenium catalyst --- vinyl boronates --- organoboron compounds --- biomass --- microwaves --- Michael reaction --- chalcone --- dimethylmalonate --- biphasic catalysis --- platinum complexes --- acidic ionic liquid --- Eucalyptus wood --- furfural --- levulinic acid --- supported ionic liquid catalyst (SILCA) --- palladium --- Heck reaction --- catalyst screening --- optimization --- hydrothermal liquefaction of cellulose --- cellulose recovery and bleaching --- paper industry sludge --- municipal primary sludge --- value-added chemicals --- ionic liquid --- heterogeneous catalyst --- SILPC --- porous ionic liquids --- supported ionic liquid phase --- n/a