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Export restraints by the Russian Federation on natural gas and timber have been the source of major controversy between the European Union and the Russian Federation. The analysis of this paper suggests that the export restraints in natural gas very substantially benefit Russia. On the other hand, in raw timber the analysis suggests that a substantial reduction of Russian export taxes would increase Russian welfare. The paper explains that Gazprom has failed to invest adequately, resulting in little development of new gas supplies. The result has been progressively increasing use by Gazprom of Central Asian gas supplies, at progressively higher prices for Russia. The increased prices of gas for Russian consumers have shown that it is crucial for Russia to allow new entrants and to introduce competition in the Russian domestic market. Without export restraints, however, competition among multiple gas suppliers from Russia would erode or eliminate the monopoly profits of the Russian Federation on gas exports. Thus, with a more competitive domestic market, the Russian government would be expected to grant exclusive exporting rights to a single entity (as it presently does with Gazprom) or impose export taxes. Thus, Europe should not expect to achieve cheaper Russian gas as a result of structural reforms within the Russian gas market. A more promising avenue for European energy diversification is new pipeline construction to open up new sources of supply independent of Russia (especially the Nabucco pipeline), and liquefied natural gas purchases.

Competition --- Competitive prices --- Domestic market --- Economic Theory & Research --- Energy --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Export markets --- Fair --- Home market --- Industry --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market access --- Market access negotiations --- Market power --- Market share --- Markets and Market Access --- Monopoly --- Oil Refining & Gas Industry --- Prices --- Pricing --- Pricing mechanism --- Product --- Sales --- Supplier --- Suppliers --- Supply --- Transport --- Transport Economics Policy & Planning

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Economie vandaag biedt de meest complete en uitgebalanceerde inleiding tot het opleidingsonderdeel economie in het hoger onderwijs. Al meer dan dertig jaar slaat dit handboek een brug tussen economische theorie en actualiteit. Resultaat: een aantrekkelijk instrument om op een gestructureerde wijze kennis van en inzicht in het economisch leven te verwerven. Thema's zoals armoede, vergrijzing, milieu, ontwikkeling, schuldgraad, enzovoort worden uitgebreid behandeld. Dankzij de medewerking van economische en financiële instanties zijn de meest recente cijfers opgenomen en werden deze tot net voor de publicatie aangepast.Het boek is gestructureerd rond tien belangrijke kernthema's. Ieder onderdeel staat op zich, maar kan door middel van een handig register gemakkelijk met de andere modules in verband worden gebracht. Door die gestructureerde aanpak leent het handboek zich uitstekend tot zelfstudie. De student kan online de theorie oefenen aan de hand van dynamische grafieken. Door de oefeningen en online toetsen kan de student steeds zijn eigen vooruitgang in kaart brengen.https://www.academiapress.be/nl/economie-vandaag-2022

Economie --- 330 --- Consument --- Conjunctuur --- Macro-economie --- Duurzaamheid --- Overheid --- economie --- consumptieve vraag --- productiekosten --- prijsvorming --- economische groei --- monetair beleid --- internationale betrekking --- internationale samenwerking --- duurzame ontwikkeling --- darnus vystymasis --- fenntartható fejlődés --- održivi razvoj --- дълготрайно развитие --- varig udvikling --- одржлив развој --- żvilupp sostenibbli --- trvalo udržateľný rozvoj --- développement durable --- säästev areng --- hållbar utveckling --- zhvillim i qëndrueshëm --- одрживи развој --- forbairt inbhuanaithe --- sustainable development --- kestävä kehitys --- desenvolvimento sustentável --- trvale udržitelný rozvoj --- αειφόρος ανάπτυξη --- dauerhafte Entwicklung --- dezvoltare durabilă --- sviluppo sostenibile --- ekorozwój --- ilgtspējīga attīstība --- desarrollo sostenible --- trajnostni razvoj --- bioekonomie --- bioekonómia --- développement soutenable --- bioenergetyka --- ekorazvoj --- développement viable --- trvalý rozvoj --- tvarioji plėtra --- bæredygtig udvikling --- ekološko utemeljeni razvoj --- økologisk udvikling --- οικοανάπτυξη --- udržateľný rozvoj --- bioøkonomi --- bioeconomía --- sviluppo praticabile --- desenvolvimento sustentado --- desenvolvimento durável --- bioéconomie --- ecodesenvolvimento --- ecodesarrollo --- bioekonomija --- bio-economie --- eco-ontwikkeling --- ökológiai fejlődés --- βιοοικονομία --- биоекономија --- rozvoj udržitelný --- nachhaltige Entwicklung --- eco-development --- umweltgerechte Entwicklung --- βιώσιμη ανάπτυξη --- jätkusuutlik areng --- ekologicky uvědomělý rozvoj --- sviluppo durevole --- ökologische Entwicklung --- ecosviluppo --- bio-ekonomiska attīstība --- ekologinė plėtra --- bio-economy --- bioeconomia --- bioökonoomia --- ekozhvillim --- bioekonomia --- écodéveloppement --- bioekonomi --- bioekonomika --- uthållig utveckling --- Biowirtschaft --- еколошки развој --- zrównoważony rozwój --- biogazdaság --- bioeconomy --- σταθερή και διαρκής ανάπτυξη --- desenvolvimento viável --- zukunftsfähige Entwicklung --- desarrollo duradero --- mednarodni odnosi --- rahvusvahelised suhted --- tarptautiniai santykiai --- internationella förbindelser --- mezinárodní vztahy --- nemzetközi kapcsolatok --- меѓународни односи --- marrëdhënie ndërkombëtare --- kansainväliset suhteet --- international relations --- caidreamh idirnáisiúnta --- relazioni internazionali --- међународни односи --- relazzjonijiet internazzjonali --- международни отношения --- relación internacional --- relation internationale --- starptautiskās attiecības --- internationale relationer --- internationale Beziehungen --- διεθνείς σχέσεις --- stosunki międzynarodowe --- medzinárodné vzťahy --- relações internacionais --- relații internaționale --- međunarodni odnosi --- internacionální styky --- államközi kapcsolatok --- internationale forbindelser --- starptautiski sakari --- mezinárodní styky --- zwischenstaatliche Beziehungen --- internationale anliggender --- política monetaria --- politique monétaire --- νομισματική πολιτική --- politică monetară --- měnová politika --- menová politika --- rahapolitiikka --- pinigų politika --- beartas airgeadaíochta --- Geldpolitik --- política monetária --- monetary policy --- monetārā politika --- rahapoliitika --- валутна политика --- penningpolitik --- monetarna politika --- монетарна политика --- polityka walutowa --- monetær politik --- politica monetaria --- politika monetarja --- monetáris politika --- politikë monetare --- currency reform --- monetární politika --- monetaire stabiliteit --- menová situácia --- νομισματική μεταρρύθμιση --- pinigų reforma --- situazione monetaria --- naudas politika --- monetáris helyzet --- měnová situace --- menová reforma --- currency situation --- situação monetária --- situación monetaria --- money policy --- valuuttatilanne --- situatë valutore --- reformă monetară --- penningreform --- νομισματική κατάσταση --- Währungspolitik --- Währungslage --- riforma monetaria --- monetáris reform --- monetarinė politika --- peňažná politika --- reformë valutore --- reforma monetária --- valuutareform --- valuutasituatsioon --- situație monetară --- novčarska politika --- pénzpolitika --- situation monétaire --- pénzreform --- rahareform --- réforme monétaire --- novčana politika --- valūtas reforma --- Geld- und Kreditpolitik --- reforma monetaria --- stabilità monetaria --- монетарна реформа --- Währungsreform --- monetaire situatie --- politika e parasë --- monetaarpoliitika --- monetaire hervorming --- piniginė padėtis --- valuuttauudistus --- měnová reforma --- monetär situation --- Wirtschaftswachstum --- ekonomisk tillväxt --- ūkio augimas --- gospodarska rast --- crescimento económico --- taloudellinen kasvu --- wzrost gospodarczy --- hospodářský růst --- majanduskasv --- croissance économique --- tkabbir ekonomiku --- rritje ekonomike --- creștere economică --- crescita economica --- икономически растеж --- привредни раст --- fás eacnamaíoch --- economic growth --- hospodársky rast --- crecimiento económico --- ekonomski rast --- økonomisk vækst --- економски раст --- ekonomikas pieaugums --- οικονομική μεγέθυνση --- gazdasági növekedés --- vækstrate --- zero growth --- miera rastu --- expansiune economică --- prieaugis --- pieauguma temps --- creștere zero --- nulový rast --- boom economico --- нулти раст --- crecimiento cero --- espansione economica --- talouden laajentuminen --- növekedés üteme --- nullkasv --- nulvækst --- kasvuvauhti --- ekonomisk expansion --- οικονομική επέκταση --- nulgroei --- nollakasvu --- nulti rast --- Nullwachstum --- ritmo de crecimiento --- növekedés mértéke --- μηδενική μεγέθυνση --- hospodársky vzostup --- tillväxttakt --- ρυθμός οικονομικής μεγέθυνσης --- kasvumäär --- nulles pieaugums --- míra hospodářského růstu --- nolltillväxt --- taxa de crescimento --- ekonomický růst --- nulinis augimas --- growth rate --- crescita zero --- gospodarski rast --- економска експанзија --- expansão económica --- stopa rasta --- økonomisk ekspansion --- rată de creștere economică --- croissance zéro --- majanduse laienemine --- expansion économique --- tasa de crecimiento --- zgjerim ekonomik --- economische expansie --- ekonomická expanze --- rritje zero --- augimo norma --- taux de croissance --- economic expansion --- nulový růst --- crescimento zero --- Wachstumsrate --- οικονομική αύξηση --- Wirtschaftsexpansion --- tasso di crescita --- zéró növekedés --- стапка на раст --- rahvusvaheline koostöö --- меѓународна соработка --- international cooperation --- nemzetközi együttműködés --- współpraca międzynarodowa --- cooperazione internazionale --- coopération internationale --- internationale Zusammenarbeit --- cooperare internațională --- medzinárodná spolupráca --- tarptautinis bendradarbiavimas --- kansainvälinen yhteistyö --- cooperação internacional --- международно сътрудничество --- internationellt samarbete --- bashkëpunim ndërkombëtar --- међународна сарадња --- mezinárodní spolupráce --- mednarodno sodelovanje --- internationalt samarbejde --- διεθνής συνεργασία --- međunarodna suradnja --- kooperazzjoni internazzjonali --- starptautiskā sadarbība --- cooperación internacional --- comhar idirnáisiúnta --- mezinárodní kooperace --- интернационална соработка --- internacionální kooperace --- spolupráce na mezinárodní úrovni --- internacionální spolupráce --- kaimiņvalstu sadarbība --- formazione dei prezzi --- formación de precios --- tvorba ceny --- kształtowanie cen --- διαμόρφωση τιμών --- praghasmhúnlú --- hinnakujundus --- formação de preços --- tvorba cen --- Preisbildung --- ценообразуване --- prisdannelse --- формирање цени --- cenu veidošana --- formazzjoni tal-prezzijiet --- stabilirea prețurilor --- formim çmimi --- образовање цена --- price formation --- formation des prix --- formiranje cijena --- prisbildning --- árképzés --- oblikovanje cen --- kainodara --- hinnanmuodostus --- mecanismo de preços --- meccanismo dei prezzi --- hinnamehhanism --- hinna kujunemine --- mécanisme des prix --- mecanismo de precios --- одредување цени --- prismekanism --- μηχανισμός των τιμών --- механизам за одредување на цените --- određivanje cijena --- sustav određivanja cijena --- pricing mechanism --- árképzési mechanizmus --- mekanizëm i përcaktimit të çmimit --- cenový mechanismus --- hinnoittelujärjestelmä --- prismekanisme --- cenový mechanizmus --- prijsmechanisme --- kainodaros mechanizmas --- mecanismul prețurilor --- Preismechanismus --- domanda tal-konsumatur --- popyt konsumpcyjny --- consumer demand --- vartojimo paklausa --- Verbrauchernachfrage --- konsumentefterfrågan --- pretențiile consumatorului --- efterspørgsel efter forbrugsvarer --- tarbijanõudlus --- побарувачка на потрошувачите --- kërkesa konsumatore --- spotřebitelská poptávka --- potrošačka potražnja --- povpraševanje potrošnikov --- kulutuskysyntä --- потребителско търсене --- spotrebiteľský dopyt --- καταναλωτική ζήτηση --- éileamh tomhaltóirí --- потрошачка потражња --- demanda de consumo --- fogyasztói kereslet --- domanda di consumo --- patērētāju pieprasījums --- demande de consommation --- procura de bens de consumo --- forbrugstilbøjelighed --- hospodářství --- économie --- икономика --- talous --- gospodarka --- geilleagar --- economia --- majandus --- hospodárstvo --- ekonomika --- economy --- Wirtschaft --- gazdaság --- økonomi --- οικονομία --- привреда --- gospodarstvo --- економија --- ekonomija --- ekonomi --- economía --- ekonomikos mokslas --- gazdálkodás --- стопанство --- výrobné náklady --- производствена цена --- trošak proizvodnje --- κόστος παραγωγής --- koszty produkcji --- výrobní náklady --- Produktionskosten --- production cost --- tuotantokustannukset --- трошоци за производство --- costas táirgthe --- proizvodni stroški --- tootmiskulud --- produktionskostnad --- termelési költség --- costo di produzione --- kost tal-produzzjoni --- custo de produção --- coste de producción --- produktionsomkostninger --- coût de production --- gamybos kaštai --- ražošanas izmaksas --- costuri de producție --- kosto prodhimi --- трошкови производње --- gamybos sąnaudos --- produktiekosten --- Erzeugungskosten --- costo di fabbricazione --- gamybos išlaidos --- Fertigungskosten --- costo diretto di produzione --- Herstellungskosten --- фиксни трошоци --- costo di produzione rivalutato --- Economics --- Didactics of economy --- ūkis --- Economie.