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This Special Issue reprint book features a broad scope of contributions that highlight current accomplishments and provide readers with some perspective on the direction of research on magnesium alloys in the near future with respect to global challenges. The papers included in the book report on state-of-the-art methods and research trends regarding the microstructure, properties and industrial application of magnesium alloys for use in lightweight structures across several industries.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Materials science --- magnesium alloys --- interface reaction --- diffusion --- intermetallic phases --- cyclic expansion extrusion with asymmetrical extrusion cavity --- AZ31B alloy --- microstructure --- texture --- mechanical properties --- magnesium wire --- extrusion --- characterization --- wrapping test --- AZ-series --- EBSD --- magnesium --- deformation twinning --- damage initiation --- rolling --- strength --- segregation --- precipitate --- twinning --- modeling --- void --- rigid inclusion --- magnesium-rare earth alloy --- recrystallization --- selective grain growth --- Mg-RE alloys --- in situ diffraction --- crystal plasticity --- magnesium single crystal --- sheets --- formability --- non-flammability --- indirect extrusion --- magnesium alloy --- fatigue --- equal-channel angular pressing --- grain refinement --- S–N curve --- stent --- n/a --- S-N curve

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In response to the demanding requirements of different sectors, such as construction, transportation, energy, manufacturing, and mining, new generations of microalloyed steels are being developed and brought to market. The addition of microalloying elements, such as niobium, vanadium, titanium, boron, and/or molybdenum, has become a key tool in the steel industry to reach economically-viable grades with increasingly higher mechanical strength, toughness, good formability, and weldable products. The challenges that microalloying steel production faces can be solved with a deeper understanding of the effects that these microalloying additions and combinations of them have during the different steps of the steelmaking process.

History of engineering & technology --- niobium microalloyed steel --- as-cast condition --- inclusion --- rare earth elements --- precipitation. --- steel --- thermomechanical processing --- microstructure characterisation --- mechanical properties --- molybdenum --- martensitic steel --- direct quenching --- microalloying --- hardenability --- toughness --- grain refinement --- Hall-Petch coefficient --- microalloy precipitates --- hydrogen embrittlement --- Ti-Mo steel --- hot deformation --- constitutive model --- microstructural evolution --- microalloyed steels --- processing --- microstructural and chemical composition --- micro-alloyed steels --- precipitations --- Zener pinning --- atomic force microscopy (AFM) --- precipitation-microstructure correlation --- EBSD --- reconstruction methods --- continuous casting --- energy absorption --- mechanical metallurgy --- niobium --- reheat process --- thermo-mechanical controlled processing --- plate rolling --- strengthening --- precipitation --- induction --- titanium --- advanced high strength steels --- HSLA steels --- precipitation strengthening --- tempering --- bainitic ferrite --- austenite-to-ferrite transformation --- hot-torsion test --- coiling simulation --- medium-carbon steel --- strength and toughness --- austenite --- abnormal grain growth --- cold-deformation --- precipitate --- niobium microalloyed steel --- as-cast condition --- inclusion --- rare earth elements --- precipitation. --- steel --- thermomechanical processing --- microstructure characterisation --- mechanical properties --- molybdenum --- martensitic steel --- direct quenching --- microalloying --- hardenability --- toughness --- grain refinement --- Hall-Petch coefficient --- microalloy precipitates --- hydrogen embrittlement --- Ti-Mo steel --- hot deformation --- constitutive model --- microstructural evolution --- microalloyed steels --- processing --- microstructural and chemical composition --- micro-alloyed steels --- precipitations --- Zener pinning --- atomic force microscopy (AFM) --- precipitation-microstructure correlation --- EBSD --- reconstruction methods --- continuous casting --- energy absorption --- mechanical metallurgy --- niobium --- reheat process --- thermo-mechanical controlled processing --- plate rolling --- strengthening --- precipitation --- induction --- titanium --- advanced high strength steels --- HSLA steels --- precipitation strengthening --- tempering --- bainitic ferrite --- austenite-to-ferrite transformation --- hot-torsion test --- coiling simulation --- medium-carbon steel --- strength and toughness --- austenite --- abnormal grain growth --- cold-deformation --- precipitate

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Steels represent a quite interesting material family, both from scientific and commercial points of view, following many applications they can be devoted to. Following this, it is therefore essential to deeply understand the relations between properties and microstructure and how to drive them via a specific process. Despite their diffusion as a consolidated material, many research fields are active regarding new applications. In this framework, in particular, the role of heat treatments in obtaining complex microstructures is still quite an open matter, which is also thanks to the design of innovative heat treatments.This Special Issue embraces interdisciplinary work covering physical metallurgy and processes, reporting on experimental and theoretical progress concerning microstructural evolution during the heat treatment of steels.

Technology: general issues --- nitriding --- nitrocarburizing --- two-stage treatment --- process design --- compound layer --- white layer --- nitriding hardness depth --- steel-clad plate --- element diffusion --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- high speed steel --- vacuum heat treatment --- plane strain fracture toughness --- residual stress --- creep --- stress relief --- welded rotor --- forged steels --- high-Cr steel --- austempering --- high silicon steel --- retained austenite --- pearlitic steel wire --- elongation to failure --- torsion --- reduction of area --- annealing --- low density steels --- forging --- kappa carbide --- FeCMnAl --- steel --- martensitic steel --- ε-carbide --- tempering --- hydrogen embrittlement --- mechanical strength --- inoculant --- materials design --- gear steel --- AlN precipitate --- carburization --- austenite grain size --- Zener pinning --- precipitation criterion --- boiling curve --- quenching severity --- boiling and quenching heat transfer --- metal quenching heat flow --- ultrafast heating annealing --- thermo-cycling annealing --- ultra-high strength steel --- auto-tempering --- martensite --- hole expansion ratio --- flash heating --- QP --- low carbon steel --- n/a

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This Special Issue of Metals was dedicated to recent advances in low-carbon and stainless steels. Although these types of steels are not new, they are still receiving considerable attention from both research and industry sectors due to their wide range of applications and their complex microstructure and behavior under different conditions. The microstructure of low-carbon and stainless steels resulting from solidification, phase transformation, and hot working is complex, which, in turn, affect their performance under different working conditions. A detailed understanding of the microstructure, properties, and performance for these steels has been the aim of steel scientists for a long time. This Issue received quality papers on different aspects of these steels including their solidification, thermomechanical processing, phase transformation, texture, etc., and their mechanical and corrosion behaviors.

History of engineering & technology --- pitting --- sigma phase --- 2205 --- duplex stainless steel --- austenitic stainless steel --- cold deformation --- microstructures --- mechanical properties --- austenite --- steel --- thermomechanical processing --- phase transformation --- nucleation --- ferrite --- CCT --- TTT --- incubation --- transformation start --- FAC --- LBE --- turbulent flow --- dissolution --- modelling --- low-carbon AHSS --- Q&amp --- P --- toughness --- precipitation --- martensite packet --- mechanical characterization --- martensitic transformations --- dynamic transformation --- Nb-microalloyed steel --- roughing passes --- hot forming --- multiphase steel --- quenching and partitioning --- austempering --- Gleeble simulation --- press hardening --- martensite --- quenching --- partitioning --- dilatometry --- EBSD-IQ --- fast heating rate --- formation of austenite --- initial microstructure --- PAGS --- transformation behavior --- tensile properties --- metastability --- LCF --- HCF --- VHCF --- ambient and elevated temperatures --- carbon steel --- rotationally accelerated shot peening --- nanocrystalline --- corrosion resistance --- transformation kinetics --- local equilibrium --- para equilibrium --- Cr-rich precipitate --- interphase boundary --- type 430 stainless steel --- HSLA steel --- alloy design --- grain refinement of austenite --- Zener pinning force --- recrystallization --- Niobium Nb

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Steels represent a quite interesting material family, both from scientific and commercial points of view, following many applications they can be devoted to. Following this, it is therefore essential to deeply understand the relations between properties and microstructure and how to drive them via a specific process. Despite their diffusion as a consolidated material, many research fields are active regarding new applications. In this framework, in particular, the role of heat treatments in obtaining complex microstructures is still quite an open matter, which is also thanks to the design of innovative heat treatments.This Special Issue embraces interdisciplinary work covering physical metallurgy and processes, reporting on experimental and theoretical progress concerning microstructural evolution during the heat treatment of steels.

nitriding --- nitrocarburizing --- two-stage treatment --- process design --- compound layer --- white layer --- nitriding hardness depth --- steel-clad plate --- element diffusion --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- high speed steel --- vacuum heat treatment --- plane strain fracture toughness --- residual stress --- creep --- stress relief --- welded rotor --- forged steels --- high-Cr steel --- austempering --- high silicon steel --- retained austenite --- pearlitic steel wire --- elongation to failure --- torsion --- reduction of area --- annealing --- low density steels --- forging --- kappa carbide --- FeCMnAl --- steel --- martensitic steel --- ε-carbide --- tempering --- hydrogen embrittlement --- mechanical strength --- inoculant --- materials design --- gear steel --- AlN precipitate --- carburization --- austenite grain size --- Zener pinning --- precipitation criterion --- boiling curve --- quenching severity --- boiling and quenching heat transfer --- metal quenching heat flow --- ultrafast heating annealing --- thermo-cycling annealing --- ultra-high strength steel --- auto-tempering --- martensite --- hole expansion ratio --- flash heating --- QP --- low carbon steel --- n/a