Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This study constructs a microdata set of about 143,000 firms to estimate the monetary costs of infrastructure disruptions in 137 low- and middle-income countries, representing 78 percent of the world population and 80 percent of the GDP of low- and -middle-income countries. Specifically, this study assesses the impact of transport, electricity, and water disruptions on the capacity utilization rates of firms. The estimates suggest that utilization losses amount to 151 billion dollar a year-of which 107 billion dollar are due to transport disruptions, 38 billion dollar due to blackouts, and 6 billion dollar due to dryouts. Moreover, this study shows that electricity outages are causing sales losses equivalent to 82 billion dollar a year. Firms are also incurring the costs of self-generated electricity, estimated to amount to 64 billion dollar a year (including annualized capital expenditure). At almost 300 billion dollar a year, these figures highlight the substantial drag that unreliable infrastructure imposes on firms in developing countries. Yet, these figures are likely to be under-estimates as neither all countries nor all types of impacts are covered.

Business Environment --- Capacity Utilization --- Climate Change Impacts --- Electric Power --- Electricity --- Energy --- Environment --- Firm Productivity --- Infrastructure Economics --- Infrastructure Investment --- Natural Disaster --- Natural Disasters --- Power Outage --- Private Sector Economics --- Resilient Infrastructure --- Transport --- Transportation Infrastructure --- Water Supply --- Water Supply and Sanitation Economics

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This book focuses on theoretical and practical developments in the performance of high-voltage transmission line against atmospheric pollution and icing. Modifications using suitable fillers are also pinpointed to improve silicone rubber insulation materials. Very fast transient overvoltage (VFTO) mitigation techniques, along with some suggestions for reliable partial discharge measurements under DC voltage stresses inside gas-insulated switchgears, are addressed. The application of an inductor-based filter for the protective performance of surge arresters against indirect lightning strikes is also discussed.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- dynamic pollution model --- reference insulators --- insulator structure coefficient --- natural pollution tests --- finite element method --- partial discharge --- protrusion --- gas-insulated system --- HVDC --- SF6 --- synthetic air --- insulator --- pollution --- humidity --- equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD) --- non-soluble deposit density (NSDD) --- leakage current --- post-installation study --- double exponential function --- indirect lightning --- medium voltage transformer --- spark gap --- filtered surge arrester --- energy-controlled switch --- ice-covered insulator --- characteristics extraction --- image processing method --- median filtering method --- entropy threshold segmentation --- modified Canny operator --- region growth method --- icing degree --- gas-insulated substations --- VFTO --- EMF modeling --- transient ground potential rise --- polymeric material --- thermoplastic --- thermoset --- elastomer --- epoxy resin --- electrical properties --- mechanical properties --- high-voltage applications --- partial discharges --- textured insulator --- artificial clean fog test --- dry bands --- discharges --- partial arcs --- monitoring --- HVDC outdoor insulators --- silicone rubber --- fumed silica --- ground silica --- dry-band arcing --- erosion performance --- outdoor insulators --- transmission and distribution --- pollution performance --- tracking --- erosion resistance --- overhead power lines --- atmospheric icing --- power outage --- anti-icing --- de-icing --- line design --- passive devices --- coatings --- mechanical methods --- thermal methods --- composite crossarm --- pollution flashover characteristics --- core diameter --- hydrophobicity --- umbrella structure --- voltage gradient --- flashover --- inception voltage --- arc propagation --- finite element method (FEM) --- n/a