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Energy efficiency and low-carbon technologies are key contributors to curtailing the emission of greenhouse gases that continue to cause global warming. The efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions also strongly affect electrical power systems. Renewable sources, storage systems, and flexible loads provide new system controls, but power system operators and utilities have to deal with their fluctuating nature, limited storage capabilities, and typically higher infrastructure complexity with a growing number of heterogeneous components. In addition to the technological change of new components, the liberalization of energy markets and new regulatory rules bring contextual change that necessitates the restructuring of the design and operation of future energy systems. Sophisticated component design methods, intelligent information and communication architectures, automation and control concepts, new and advanced markets, as well as proper standards are necessary in order to manage the higher complexity of such intelligent power systems that form smart grids. Due to the considerably higher complexity of such cyber-physical energy systems, constituting the power system, automation, protection, information and communication technology (ICT), and system services, it is expected that the design and validation of smart-grid configurations will play a major role in future technology and system developments. However, an integrated approach for the design and evaluation of smart-grid configurations incorporating these diverse constituent parts remains evasive. The currently available validation approaches focus mainly on component-oriented methods. In order to guarantee a sustainable, affordable, and secure supply of electricity through the transition to a future smart grid with considerably higher complexity and innovation, new design, validation, and testing methods appropriate for cyber-physical systems are required. Therefore, this book summarizes recent research results and developments related to the design and validation of smart grid systems.

web of cells --- IHE --- distribution grid --- accuracy --- use cases --- Development --- synchrophasors --- underground cabling --- solar photovoltaics (PV) --- laboratory testbed --- conceptual structuration --- Quasi-Dynamic Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop --- coupling method --- time synchronization --- smart energy systems --- substation automation system (SAS) --- testing --- investment --- time delay --- interface algorithm (IA) --- PHIL (power hardware in the loop) --- network outage --- operational range of PHIL --- wind power --- elastic demand bids --- Model-Based Software Engineering --- Enterprise Architecture Management --- plug-in electric vehicle --- Smart Grid Architecture Model --- linear/switching amplifier --- pricing scheme --- average consensus --- traffic reduction technique --- cell --- gazelle --- smart grids control strategies --- real-time simulation and hardware-in-the-loop experiments --- 4G Long Term Evolution—LTE --- power loss allocation --- cyber-physical energy system --- experimentation --- microgrid --- resilience --- integration profiles --- remuneration scheme --- renewable energy sources --- shiftable loads --- droop control --- Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop --- peer-to-peer --- validation techniques for innovative smart grid solutions --- frequency containment control (FCC) --- synchronous power system --- power frequency characteristic --- development and implementation methods for smart grid technologies --- cascading procurement --- IEC 62559 --- device-to-device communication --- DC link --- validation and testing --- information and communication technology --- TOGAF --- battery energy storage system (BESS) --- active distribution network --- stability --- Validation --- synchronized measurements --- Architecture --- locational marginal prices --- SGAM --- network reconfiguration --- interoperability --- seamless communications --- fault management --- real-time simulation --- System-of-Systems --- market design elements --- micro combined heat and power (micro-CHP) --- co-simulation-based assessment methods --- islanded operation --- connectathon --- Software-in-the-Loop --- voltage control --- electricity distribution --- distribution phasor measurement units --- centralised control --- data mining --- robust optimization --- modelling and simulation of smart grid systems --- hardware-in-the-Loop --- smart grids --- cyber physical co-simulation --- design --- decentralised energy system --- procurement scheme --- Smart Grid --- smart grid --- distributed control --- fuzzy logic --- Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHIL) --- simulation initialization --- multi-agent system --- adaptive control --- real-time balancing market --- co-simulation --- optimal reserve allocation --- Web-of-Cells --- Hardware-in-the-Loop --- micro-synchrophasors --- linear decision rules --- synchronization --- hardware-in-the-loop --- PMU --- high-availability seamless redundancy (HSR) --- market design --- demand response

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Modern power and energy systems are characterized by the wide integration of distributed generation, storage and electric vehicles, adoption of ICT solutions, and interconnection of different energy carriers and consumer engagement, posing new challenges and creating new opportunities. Advanced testing and validation methods are needed to efficiently validate power equipment and controls in the contemporary complex environment and support the transition to a cleaner and sustainable energy system. Real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation has proven to be an effective method for validating and de-risking power system equipment in highly realistic, flexible, and repeatable conditions. Controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) and power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) are the two main HIL simulation methods used in industry and academia that contribute to system-level testing enhancement by exploiting the flexibility of digital simulations in testing actual controllers and power equipment. This book addresses recent advances in real-time HIL simulation in several domains (also in new and promising areas), including technique improvements to promote its wider use. It is composed of 14 papers dealing with advances in HIL testing of power electronic converters, power system protection, modeling for real-time digital simulation, co-simulation, geographically distributed HIL, and multiphysics HIL, among other topics.

design methodology --- FPGA --- hardware in the loop --- LabVIEW --- real-time simulation --- power converters --- HIL --- CHIL --- integrated laboratories --- real-time communication platform --- power system testing --- co-simulation --- geographically distributed simulations --- power system protection and control --- holistic testing --- lab testing --- field testing --- PHIL --- PSIL --- pre-certification --- smart grids --- standards --- replica controller --- TCSC --- DPT --- testing --- control and protection --- large-scale power system --- voltage regulation --- distribution system --- power hardware-in-the-loop --- distributed energy resources --- extremum seeking control --- particle swarm optimization --- state estimation --- reactive power support --- volt–VAR --- model-based design --- multi physics simulation --- marine propulsion --- ship dynamic --- DC microgrid --- shipboard power systems --- under-frequency load shedding --- intelligent electronic device --- proof of concept --- hardware-in-the-loop testing --- real-time digital simulator --- frequency stability margin --- rate-of-change-of-frequency --- geographically distributed real-time simulation --- remote power hardware-in-the-Loop --- grid-forming converter --- hardware-in-the-loop --- simulation fidelity --- energy-based metric --- energy residual --- quasi-stationary --- Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) --- Control HIL (CHIL) --- Power HIL (PHIL) --- testing of smart grid technologies --- power electronics --- shifted frequency analysis --- dynamic phasors --- real-time hybrid-simulator (RTHS) --- hybrid simulation --- hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) --- dynamic performance test (DPT) --- real-time simulator (RTS) --- testing of replicas --- multi-rate simulation --- EMT --- control --- inverters --- inverter-dominated grids --- power system transients --- predictive control --- hydro-electric plant --- variable speed operation --- ‘Hill Charts’ --- reduced-scale model --- testing and validation

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Modern power and energy systems are characterized by the wide integration of distributed generation, storage and electric vehicles, adoption of ICT solutions, and interconnection of different energy carriers and consumer engagement, posing new challenges and creating new opportunities. Advanced testing and validation methods are needed to efficiently validate power equipment and controls in the contemporary complex environment and support the transition to a cleaner and sustainable energy system. Real-time hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation has proven to be an effective method for validating and de-risking power system equipment in highly realistic, flexible, and repeatable conditions. Controller hardware-in-the-loop (CHIL) and power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) are the two main HIL simulation methods used in industry and academia that contribute to system-level testing enhancement by exploiting the flexibility of digital simulations in testing actual controllers and power equipment. This book addresses recent advances in real-time HIL simulation in several domains (also in new and promising areas), including technique improvements to promote its wider use. It is composed of 14 papers dealing with advances in HIL testing of power electronic converters, power system protection, modeling for real-time digital simulation, co-simulation, geographically distributed HIL, and multiphysics HIL, among other topics.

Technology: general issues --- design methodology --- FPGA --- hardware in the loop --- LabVIEW --- real-time simulation --- power converters --- HIL --- CHIL --- integrated laboratories --- real-time communication platform --- power system testing --- co-simulation --- geographically distributed simulations --- power system protection and control --- holistic testing --- lab testing --- field testing --- PHIL --- PSIL --- pre-certification --- smart grids --- standards --- replica controller --- TCSC --- DPT --- testing --- control and protection --- large-scale power system --- voltage regulation --- distribution system --- power hardware-in-the-loop --- distributed energy resources --- extremum seeking control --- particle swarm optimization --- state estimation --- reactive power support --- volt–VAR --- model-based design --- multi physics simulation --- marine propulsion --- ship dynamic --- DC microgrid --- shipboard power systems --- under-frequency load shedding --- intelligent electronic device --- proof of concept --- hardware-in-the-loop testing --- real-time digital simulator --- frequency stability margin --- rate-of-change-of-frequency --- geographically distributed real-time simulation --- remote power hardware-in-the-Loop --- grid-forming converter --- hardware-in-the-loop --- simulation fidelity --- energy-based metric --- energy residual --- quasi-stationary --- Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) --- Control HIL (CHIL) --- Power HIL (PHIL) --- testing of smart grid technologies --- power electronics --- shifted frequency analysis --- dynamic phasors --- real-time hybrid-simulator (RTHS) --- hybrid simulation --- hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) --- dynamic performance test (DPT) --- real-time simulator (RTS) --- testing of replicas --- multi-rate simulation --- EMT --- control --- inverters --- inverter-dominated grids --- power system transients --- predictive control --- hydro-electric plant --- variable speed operation --- ‘Hill Charts’ --- reduced-scale model --- testing and validation --- design methodology --- FPGA --- hardware in the loop --- LabVIEW --- real-time simulation --- power converters --- HIL --- CHIL --- integrated laboratories --- real-time communication platform --- power system testing --- co-simulation --- geographically distributed simulations --- power system protection and control --- holistic testing --- lab testing --- field testing --- PHIL --- PSIL --- pre-certification --- smart grids --- standards --- replica controller --- TCSC --- DPT --- testing --- control and protection --- large-scale power system --- voltage regulation --- distribution system --- power hardware-in-the-loop --- distributed energy resources --- extremum seeking control --- particle swarm optimization --- state estimation --- reactive power support --- volt–VAR --- model-based design --- multi physics simulation --- marine propulsion --- ship dynamic --- DC microgrid --- shipboard power systems --- under-frequency load shedding --- intelligent electronic device --- proof of concept --- hardware-in-the-loop testing --- real-time digital simulator --- frequency stability margin --- rate-of-change-of-frequency --- geographically distributed real-time simulation --- remote power hardware-in-the-Loop --- grid-forming converter --- hardware-in-the-loop --- simulation fidelity --- energy-based metric --- energy residual --- quasi-stationary --- Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) --- Control HIL (CHIL) --- Power HIL (PHIL) --- testing of smart grid technologies --- power electronics --- shifted frequency analysis --- dynamic phasors --- real-time hybrid-simulator (RTHS) --- hybrid simulation --- hardware-in-the-loop simulation (HILS) --- dynamic performance test (DPT) --- real-time simulator (RTS) --- testing of replicas --- multi-rate simulation --- EMT --- control --- inverters --- inverter-dominated grids --- power system transients --- predictive control --- hydro-electric plant --- variable speed operation --- ‘Hill Charts’ --- reduced-scale model --- testing and validation

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Renewable energies are becoming a must to counteract the consequences of the global warming. More efficient devices and better control strategies are required in the generation, transport, and conversion of electricity. Energy is processed by power converters that are currently the key building blocks in modern power distribution systems. The associated electrical architecture is based on buses for energy distribution and uses a great number of converters for interfacing both input and output energy. This book shows that sliding-mode control is contributing to improve the performances of power converters by means of accurate theoretical analyses that result in efficient implementations. The sliding-mode control of power converters for renewable energy applications offers a panoramic view of the most recent uses of this regulation technique in practical cases. By presenting examples that range from dozens of kilowatts to only a few watts, the book covers control solutions for AC–DC and DC–AC generation, power factor correction, multilevel converters, constant-power load supply, wind energy systems, efficient lighting, digital control implementation, multiphase converters, and energy harvesting. The selected examples developed by recognized specialists are illustrated by means of detailed simulations and experiments to help the reader to understand the theoretical approach in each case considered in the book.

History of engineering & technology --- output regulation --- state feedback --- sliding mode control --- DC-DC power converter --- DC-DC converters --- boost converter --- constant power load (CPL) --- fixed switching frequency --- sliding-mode control --- inrush current mitigation --- Induction Electrodeless Fluorescent Lamps (IEFL) --- High-Intensity Discharge Lamps (HID) --- loss-free resistor (LFR) --- two-loop digital control --- buck converter --- input-output linearization --- PWM --- sliding mode --- DC-DC converter --- multiphase converter --- disturbance observer --- electric vehicles --- power-hardware-in-the-loop --- renewable energy systems --- fast dynamic response --- wind energy conversion system --- series-series-compensated wireless power transfer system --- energy harvesting --- isolated SEPIC converter --- high power factor rectifier --- isolated PFC rectifier --- bridgeless rectifier --- DC distribution bus --- microinverter --- sliding mode control (SMC), self-oscillating system --- two cascaded-boosts converters --- decision making --- design concept --- doubly-fed induction generator --- grid-side converter --- harmonic distortion --- multi-objective optimisation --- second-order sliding-mode control --- tuning --- unbalanced voltage --- wind power generation --- harvesting --- inductive transducer --- loss free resistor --- dc-to-dc converter --- DFIG --- adaptive-gain second-order sliding mode --- direct power control --- balanced and unbalanced grid voltage --- Lyapunov-based filter design --- constant power load --- Sliding Mode controlled power module --- zero dynamics stability --- modular multilevel converter --- Lyapunov stability --- dual boost inverter --- step-up inverter --- grid connection --- sliding mode control (SMC) --- power converter --- continuous signal generator --- equivalent control --- AC-DC power converter --- wind energy --- control --- dual-stator winding induction generator --- second order sliding mode

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This book offers a collection of 30 scientific papers which address the problems associated with the use of power electronic converters in renewable energy source-based systems. Relevant problems associated with the use of power electronic converters to integrate renewable energy systems to the power grid are presented. Some of the covered topics relate to the integration of photovoltaic and wind energy generators into the rest of the system, and to the use of energy storage to mitigate power fluctuations, which are a characteristic of renewable energy systems. The book provides a good overview of the abovementioned topics.

n/a --- washout filter --- turbine and generator --- unbalanced power grid --- PV --- transient dynamics --- multi-input single output (MISO) --- permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) --- static frequency characteristics --- impedance analysis --- FACTS devices --- coordinated control --- improved additional frequency control --- experiment --- resonant controller --- two-stage photovoltaic power --- voltage cancellation --- energy --- power matching --- LCL filter --- adaptive-MPPT (maximum power point tracking) --- VSC --- active power filter --- perturb and observe --- coordination control --- voltage-type control --- multiple VSGs --- wind power prediction --- linear quadratic regulator --- multiport converter (MPC) --- grid support function --- power ripple elimination --- adaptive resonant controller --- phase space reconstruction --- sliding mode control --- impedance emulation --- photovoltaic systems --- grid-connected converter --- SVM --- photovoltaic generators --- power grid --- active front-end converter --- THD --- type-4 wind turbine --- inertia --- ROCOF --- microgrid --- coupled oscillators --- multilevel power converter --- DC-AC power converters --- internal model --- back-to-back converter --- duty-ratio constraints --- selective harmonic mitigation --- parallel inverters --- discontinuous conduction mode --- droop control --- step size --- grid-connected --- inverter --- short-circuit fault --- energy router --- oscillation mitigation --- improved-VSG (virtual synchronous generator) --- source and load impedance --- synchronverter --- digital signal processor (DSP) TMS320F28335 --- operation optimization --- battery-energy storage --- generator speed control --- electrical power generation --- virtual impedance --- weak grid --- doubly-fed induction generator --- grid synchronization --- Energy Internet --- open circuit voltage --- state-of-charge balancing --- renewable power system --- control strategies --- adaptive notch filter (ANF) --- renewable energy --- hardware in the loop (HIL) --- energy storage --- microgrids --- inertia and damping characteristics --- electric vehicle --- multi-energy complementary --- static compensator --- stability --- battery energy storage system --- power-hardware-in- the-loop --- electricity price --- notch filter --- time series --- distorted grid --- oscillation suppression --- phase-locked loop (PLL) --- modules --- organic Rankine cycle --- failure zone --- Opal-RT Technologies® --- distributed generation --- modular multilevel converter --- governor --- microgrid (MG) --- second-life battery --- thermoelectric generator --- stability analysis --- wind energy system --- variable coefficient regulation --- single ended primary inductor converter (SEPIC) --- error --- soft switching --- power electronics --- PLL --- SPWM --- virtual synchronous generator --- perturbation frequency --- phase shifted --- grid-connected inverter --- cloud computing --- low inertia --- boost converter --- impedance reshaping --- small-signal and transient stability --- speed control --- multivariate linear regression --- photovoltaic --- adaptive control --- frequency regulation --- variable power tracking control --- power converters --- maximum power point tracking --- virtual admittance --- synchronization --- peak-current-mode control --- dynamic modeling --- discontinuous operation mode --- demand response