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Much of the rural poor-who are growing in number-are concentrated in ecologically fragile and remote areas. The key ecological scarcity problem facing such poor households is a vicious cycle of declining livelihoods, increased ecological degradation and loss of resource commons, and declining ecosystem services on which the poor depend. In addition, developing economies with high concentrations of their populations on fragile lands and in remote areas not only display high rates of rural poverty, but also are some of the poorest countries in the world today. Policies to eradicate poverty therefore need to be targeted at the poor where they live, especially the rural poor clustered in fragile environments and remote areas. The specific elements of such a strategy include involving the poor in payment for ecosystem services schemes and other measures that enhance the environments on which the poor depend; targeting investments directly to improving the livelihoods of the rural poor, thus reducing their dependence on exploiting environmental resources; tackling the lack of access of the rural poor in less favored areas to well-functioning and affordable markets for credit, insurance, and land; and reducing the high transportation and transaction costs that prohibit the poorest households in remote areas from engaging in off-farm employment and limit smallholder participation in national and global markets.

Banks & Banking Reform --- Developing countries --- Ecological scarcity --- Energy --- Environment --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Green growth --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Natural capital --- Poverty-environment trap --- Regional Economic Development --- Rural poverty --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Spatial poverty trap

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In the past three decades, developing countries have made significant economic and social progress, from improved infant mortality rates to higher life expectancy. Yet, 1.3 billion people continue to live in extreme poverty in the developing world, leading policymakers to place a renewed emphasis on policies that could promote economic efficiency and the productivity of the poor. How should these policies be sequenced and implemented to spur growth? Would a large, front-loaded increase in public infrastructure investment yield the desired growth-promoting effect? Taking a rigorous look at this kind of investment and its outcomes, this book explores the different channels through which public capital in infrastructure may affect growth and human welfare, and develops a series of formal models for understanding how these channels operate. Bringing together a vast amount of research in one unifying framework, Pierre-Richard Agénor finds that in considering investment in infrastructure, a variety of externalities need to be factored into analytical models and introduced in policy debates. Lack of access to infrastructure not only constrains the expansion of markets and private investment, it may also hinder the achievement of health and education targets. Ease of access, conversely, promotes innovation and empowers women by allowing them to reallocate their time to productive uses. Laying a solid foundation of economic facts and ideas, Public Capital, Growth, and Welfare provides a comprehensive look at the critical role of public capital in development.

Capital investments. --- Economic development. --- Public welfare. --- Benevolent institutions --- Poor relief --- Public assistance --- Public charities --- Public relief --- Public welfare --- Public welfare reform --- Relief (Aid) --- Social welfare --- Welfare (Public assistance) --- Welfare reform --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Capital expenditures --- Capital improvements --- Capital spending --- Fixed asset expenditures --- Plant and equipment investments --- Plant investments --- Government policy --- Human services --- Social service --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Investments --- Capital investments --- Economic development --- E-books --- 331.31 --- 336.01 --- 338.340 --- AA / International- internationaal --- LDC / Developping Countries - Pays En Développement --- Economisch beleid --- Overheidsbemoeiing op economisch gebied --- Algemene ontwikkeling in de Derde Wereld --- AllaisГamuelson Overlapping Generations. --- AllaisГamuelson Overlapping. --- R&D activity. --- child rearing. --- children's health. --- complementarity. --- crowding-out effects. --- developing world. --- economic development. --- economic efficiency. --- economic growth. --- education. --- extreme poverty. --- fiscal policy. --- government spending. --- health. --- human capital. --- human development. --- human welfare. --- income distribution. --- indirect taxation. --- infrastructure access. --- infrastructure. --- knowledge accumulation. --- labor supply. --- low-growth equilibrium. --- political economy. --- poor. --- poverty reduction. --- poverty trap. --- poverty. --- productivity. --- public capital. --- public infrastructure. --- public policy. --- public spending. --- publicаrivate partnerships. --- time allocation. --- trade. --- women.