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Plants, as sessile organisms, are exposed to a large array of challenging external and internal alterations that may restrict plant growth. These limiting growth conditions activate plant signalling responses which eventually target the protein synthesis machinery to rapidly reprogram plant metabolism to adapt to the new situation. Thus, the control of mRNA translation is one key regulatory step of gene expression and it is an essential molecular mechanism used by plants to bring about impressive growth plasticity. Compared to the vast number of studies aimed to identify plant transcriptional changes upon hormonal or environmental cues, the subsequent steps of mRNA transport, stability, storage, and eventually translational regulation, have been less studied in plants. This lack of knowledge concerns not only the fate of protein-coding transcripts in plants, but also the biogenesis and maturation of rRNAs, tRNAs and the plant translation factors involved. In this eBook we have focused on how internal cues and external signals of either biotic or abiotic origin impact translation to adjust plant growth and development. We have collected altogether ten scientific contributions to extend the knowledge on plant post-transcriptional and translational events that regulate the production of proteins that execute the required cellular functions. We hope that this compilation of original research articles and reviews will provide the readers with a detailed update on the state of knowledge in this field, and also with additional motivation to improve plant growth adaptation to future environmental challenges.

mRNA translation --- post-transcriptional regulation --- translatome --- translation factors --- organellar gene expression --- mRNA translation --- post-transcriptional regulation --- translatome --- translation factors --- organellar gene expression

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Plants, as sessile organisms, are exposed to a large array of challenging external and internal alterations that may restrict plant growth. These limiting growth conditions activate plant signalling responses which eventually target the protein synthesis machinery to rapidly reprogram plant metabolism to adapt to the new situation. Thus, the control of mRNA translation is one key regulatory step of gene expression and it is an essential molecular mechanism used by plants to bring about impressive growth plasticity. Compared to the vast number of studies aimed to identify plant transcriptional changes upon hormonal or environmental cues, the subsequent steps of mRNA transport, stability, storage, and eventually translational regulation, have been less studied in plants. This lack of knowledge concerns not only the fate of protein-coding transcripts in plants, but also the biogenesis and maturation of rRNAs, tRNAs and the plant translation factors involved. In this eBook we have focused on how internal cues and external signals of either biotic or abiotic origin impact translation to adjust plant growth and development. We have collected altogether ten scientific contributions to extend the knowledge on plant post-transcriptional and translational events that regulate the production of proteins that execute the required cellular functions. We hope that this compilation of original research articles and reviews will provide the readers with a detailed update on the state of knowledge in this field, and also with additional motivation to improve plant growth adaptation to future environmental challenges.

mRNA translation --- post-transcriptional regulation --- translatome --- translation factors --- organellar gene expression

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MicroRNAs are the best representatives of the non-coding part of the genome and their functions are mostly linked to their target genes. During the process of carcinogenesis, both dysregulation of microRNAs and their target genes can explain the development of the disease. However, most of the target genes of microRNAs have not yet been elucidated. In this book, we add new information related to the functions of microRNAs in various tumors and their associated targetome.

miR526b --- miR655 --- breast cancer --- angiogenesis --- lymphangiogenesis --- EP4 --- PI3K/Akt --- microRNA-361 --- EMT --- tumor microenvironment --- cancer diagnosis --- cancer treatment --- Bladder cancer --- microRNA --- genetic marker --- progression --- ccRCC --- prognostic biomarker --- miRNA --- transcription factor --- interplay --- microRNAs --- exosomes --- liquid biopsy --- metastasis --- cancer --- liquid biopsies --- tumor --- SNAIL (SNAI1) transcription factor --- epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) --- long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) --- circular RNAs --- viral miRNAs --- EBV --- HHV-8 --- HPV --- HCV --- HBV --- MCPyV --- glioblastoma --- MGMT --- survival --- radiotherapy --- chemotherapy --- temozolomide --- translational medicine --- oncomiRNA --- post-transcriptional regulation --- immune regulation --- adrenocortical carcinoma --- micro RNA --- non-coding RNA --- thyroid carcinoma --- radioactive iodine --- drug resistance --- prognosis --- Burkitt lymphoma --- miR-378a-3p --- cell growth --- pancreatic cancer --- radioresistance --- personalized medicine --- biomarker --- target --- n/a

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MicroRNAs are the best representatives of the non-coding part of the genome and their functions are mostly linked to their target genes. During the process of carcinogenesis, both dysregulation of microRNAs and their target genes can explain the development of the disease. However, most of the target genes of microRNAs have not yet been elucidated. In this book, we add new information related to the functions of microRNAs in various tumors and their associated targetome.

Medicine --- Oncology --- miR526b --- miR655 --- breast cancer --- angiogenesis --- lymphangiogenesis --- EP4 --- PI3K/Akt --- microRNA-361 --- EMT --- tumor microenvironment --- cancer diagnosis --- cancer treatment --- Bladder cancer --- microRNA --- genetic marker --- progression --- ccRCC --- prognostic biomarker --- miRNA --- transcription factor --- interplay --- microRNAs --- exosomes --- liquid biopsy --- metastasis --- cancer --- liquid biopsies --- tumor --- SNAIL (SNAI1) transcription factor --- epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) --- long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) --- circular RNAs --- viral miRNAs --- EBV --- HHV-8 --- HPV --- HCV --- HBV --- MCPyV --- glioblastoma --- MGMT --- survival --- radiotherapy --- chemotherapy --- temozolomide --- translational medicine --- oncomiRNA --- post-transcriptional regulation --- immune regulation --- adrenocortical carcinoma --- micro RNA --- non-coding RNA --- thyroid carcinoma --- radioactive iodine --- drug resistance --- prognosis --- Burkitt lymphoma --- miR-378a-3p --- cell growth --- pancreatic cancer --- radioresistance --- personalized medicine --- biomarker --- target --- miR526b --- miR655 --- breast cancer --- angiogenesis --- lymphangiogenesis --- EP4 --- PI3K/Akt --- microRNA-361 --- EMT --- tumor microenvironment --- cancer diagnosis --- cancer treatment --- Bladder cancer --- microRNA --- genetic marker --- progression --- ccRCC --- prognostic biomarker --- miRNA --- transcription factor --- interplay --- microRNAs --- exosomes --- liquid biopsy --- metastasis --- cancer --- liquid biopsies --- tumor --- SNAIL (SNAI1) transcription factor --- epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) --- long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) --- circular RNAs --- viral miRNAs --- EBV --- HHV-8 --- HPV --- HCV --- HBV --- MCPyV --- glioblastoma --- MGMT --- survival --- radiotherapy --- chemotherapy --- temozolomide --- translational medicine --- oncomiRNA --- post-transcriptional regulation --- immune regulation --- adrenocortical carcinoma --- micro RNA --- non-coding RNA --- thyroid carcinoma --- radioactive iodine --- drug resistance --- prognosis --- Burkitt lymphoma --- miR-378a-3p --- cell growth --- pancreatic cancer --- radioresistance --- personalized medicine --- biomarker --- target

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Despite intense investigation of plant embryogenesis, there are still various open questions in this fascinating field. For example, our knowledge is still poor in relation to the spatiotemporal dynamics and the regulatory mechanisms of various embryonic events at all levels of whole plants, organs, tissues, cells, and molecules. We also need to understand the generality and diversity of embryonic features in a diverse range of species and also the bioengineering technologies to improve reproductive traits. Therefore, in this Special Issue, we show various articles, including original research papers and reviews, to expand our knowledge on plant embryogenesis, including works spanning from the various novel protocols of model plants to the regulations of somatic embryogenesis in agricultural plants.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- tobacco --- embryogenesis --- suspensor --- programmed cell death --- TUNEL --- low-fluence --- red light --- shoot regeneration --- WUS --- NPA --- antioxidative enzymes --- arabinogalactan proteins --- centaury --- Gentianaceae --- in vitro culture --- morphogenesis --- plant growth regulators --- somatic embryo --- tissue culture --- clearing --- 3D imaging --- Arabidopsis thaliana --- embryo --- confocal microscopy --- cell wall staining --- fluorescent reporter --- GFP --- cyclic somatic embryogenesis --- direct somatic embryogenesis --- indirect somatic embryogenesis --- leaf explant --- histology --- 2,4-D --- CPPU --- auxins --- cytokinins --- regeneration --- picloram --- cryoplate --- vitrification solutions --- long-term preservation --- fertilization --- male excess --- parental genome --- paternal genome --- polyspermy --- rice --- epidermal development --- ATML1 --- transcriptional regulation --- post-transcriptional regulation --- tobacco --- embryogenesis --- suspensor --- programmed cell death --- TUNEL --- low-fluence --- red light --- shoot regeneration --- WUS --- NPA --- antioxidative enzymes --- arabinogalactan proteins --- centaury --- Gentianaceae --- in vitro culture --- morphogenesis --- plant growth regulators --- somatic embryo --- tissue culture --- clearing --- 3D imaging --- Arabidopsis thaliana --- embryo --- confocal microscopy --- cell wall staining --- fluorescent reporter --- GFP --- cyclic somatic embryogenesis --- direct somatic embryogenesis --- indirect somatic embryogenesis --- leaf explant --- histology --- 2,4-D --- CPPU --- auxins --- cytokinins --- regeneration --- picloram --- cryoplate --- vitrification solutions --- long-term preservation --- fertilization --- male excess --- parental genome --- paternal genome --- polyspermy --- rice --- epidermal development --- ATML1 --- transcriptional regulation --- post-transcriptional regulation