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The Emergence of Tropical Medicine in France examines the turbulent history of the ideas, people, and institutions of French colonial and tropical medicine from their early modern origins through World War I. Until the 1890s colonial medicine was in essence naval medicine, taught almost exclusively in a system of provincial medical schools built by the navy in the port cities of Brest, Rochefort-sur-Mer, Toulon, and Bordeaux. Michael A. Osborne draws out this separate species of French medicine by examining the histories of these schools and other institutions in the regional and municipal contexts of port life. Each site was imbued with its own distinct sensibilities regarding diet, hygiene, ethnicity, and race, all of which shaped medical knowledge and practice in complex and heretofore unrecognized ways. Osborne argues that physicians formulated localized concepts of diseases according to specific climatic and meteorological conditions, and assessed, diagnosed, and treated patients according to their ethnic and cultural origins. He also demonstrates that regions, more so than a coherent nation, built the empire and specific medical concepts and practices. Thus, by considering tropical medicine's distinctive history, Osborne brings to light a more comprehensive and nuanced view of French medicine, medical geography, and race theory, all the while acknowledging the navy's crucial role in combating illness and investigating the racial dimensions of health.

Tropical medicine --- Medicine --- History --- Colonies --- History --- medical, hospital, europe, european, history, historical, colonial, postcolonial, tropics, wwi, postwar, wartime, origins, modern, contemporary, 20th century, port city, cities, urban, 1800s, 1890s, naval, military, schools, schooling, education, brest, rochefort sur mer, bordeaux, regional, physicians, doctors, nurses, nursing, treatment, geography, race, racism, theory, theoretical, navy.

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What do archaeological excavations in Annapolis, Maryland, reveal about daily life in the city's history? Considering artifacts such as ceramics, spirit bundles, printer's type, and landscapes, this engaging, generously illustrated, and original study illuminates the lives of the city's residents-walking, seeing, reading, talking, eating, and living together in freedom and in oppression for more than three hundred years. Interpreting the results of one of the most innovative projects in American archaeology, The Archaeology of Liberty in an American Capital speaks powerfully to the struggle for liberty among African Americans and the poor.

Excavations (Archaeology) --- Elite (Social sciences) --- Power (Social sciences) --- Empowerment (Social sciences) --- Political power --- Exchange theory (Sociology) --- Political science --- Social sciences --- Sociology --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Elites (Social sciences) --- Leadership --- Social classes --- Social groups --- Archaeological digs --- Archaeological excavations --- Digs (Archaeology) --- Excavation sites (Archaeology) --- Ruins --- Sites, Excavation (Archaeology) --- Archaeology --- History. --- Annapolis (Md.) --- City of Annapolis (Md.) --- Antiquities. --- Social conditions --- african americans. --- american archaeology. --- american revolution. --- annapolis. --- anthropology. --- archaeology. --- benjamin latrobe. --- black. --- ceramics. --- charles carrollton. --- chesapeake bay. --- city planning. --- class. --- excavation. --- fishermen. --- freedom. --- history. --- independence. --- inequality. --- landscapes. --- liberty. --- maritime. --- maryland. --- nonfiction. --- oysters. --- peninsula. --- politics. --- port city. --- poverty. --- printers type. --- social history. --- social science. --- spirit bundles. --- urban. --- william paca. --- working class.

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Today, most large port hubs include the circular economy transformation challenge, together with smart digitalization and Internet of Things (IoT), in their strategic priorities. However, many ports do not seem to have progressed beyond incremental, small-scale sustainable innovations or the support of rather fragmented sustainability initiatives. The challenges are complex, since ports do not only have to reconsider their own core activities but also their role in the supply chain of shippers, to lift themselves out of the linear lock-in. Opportunities are also created, and port authorities and businesses need to embrace circular learning and turn these projects into sustainable business models. This strategic change or refocus requires new insights into innovative governance and business frameworks, the link between strategy and commercially viable business models, systems innovation, intensified stakeholder collaboration and co-creation, altered traffic segments and hinterland focus, amongst others. These Special Issue articles address current CE transition concerns salient to port strategists and managers, such as first strategic changes towards circular ports, building awareness on the importance of sustainability data and available space, and how port authorities can develop circular business models.

Economics, finance, business & management --- port masterplanning --- corporate sustainability --- traffic flow modeling --- discrete-event simulation --- sustainability reporting --- inland ports --- Triple Bottom Line --- materiality analysis --- stakeholder management --- boundary setting --- ecological perspective --- port-city system --- coordinated development --- system dynamics --- circular economy --- circular supply chain management --- secondary seaports --- port authority --- stevedores --- port-related emission --- cargo-handling equipment --- emission inventory --- external container trucks --- air quality --- maritime transport --- emission from ships --- sustainable port --- energy sources --- ship's crew and port pilots qualification --- green shipping --- environmentally friendly fuels --- ports --- port of Amsterdam --- case study --- circular economy ecosystem --- port cities --- public value --- strategic management --- incinerator capacity --- green ports --- scale development --- stakeholders --- corporate social responsibility --- strategy --- maturity --- patterns --- transition --- process --- circular initiative --- case studies --- Belgium