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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Medicine --- Neurology & clinical neurophysiology --- Epidemiology --- prevalence --- population-based study --- risk factors --- neurological disorders

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Melanoma is a very aggressive tumor which is derived from the transformation of pigment-producing cells termed the melanocytes. This cancer type accounts for most of the deaths associated with skin cancer as well as its incidence and is in constant evolution. Because of the rapid and very high metastatic potential of this tumor, melanoma prognosis has been quite poor for a long time. In the past decade, groundbreaking discoveries in the melanoma research field have led to the development of two main treatment strategies: combination therapies targeting specific kinases or combination therapies focused on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). These treatment approaches have become the standard of care in most cancer centers and significantly improved the prognosis and overall survival of advanced melanoma patients. Nevertheless, many patients do not benefit from or even respond to these treatments. It is therefore essential to better comprehend the phenomenon of drug resistance, immune escape mechanisms, as well as to search for alternative treatment strategies. In addition, strong predictive biomarkers are desperately needed to improve clinical efficacy. The aim of this Special Issue is to present recent advances in the field of melanoma research, in which the abovementioned areas represent the primary focus, and other relevant themes are also discussed.

Public health & preventive medicine --- melanoma --- targeted therapies --- BRAF --- druggable mutations --- real-time PCR --- NGS assay --- immune escape --- microRNA --- transporter associated with antigen processing --- incidence --- population-based study --- epidemiology --- Spain --- skin cancer --- single-cell transcriptome sequencing --- treatment response --- pseudotime analysis --- treatment --- ubiquitination --- miRNAs --- embryogenesis --- melanoblasts --- melanoblast --- NF1 --- transcriptome --- RNAseq --- Trp-1 --- metastasis --- animal models --- lung --- mice

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Melanoma is a very aggressive tumor which is derived from the transformation of pigment-producing cells termed the melanocytes. This cancer type accounts for most of the deaths associated with skin cancer as well as its incidence and is in constant evolution. Because of the rapid and very high metastatic potential of this tumor, melanoma prognosis has been quite poor for a long time. In the past decade, groundbreaking discoveries in the melanoma research field have led to the development of two main treatment strategies: combination therapies targeting specific kinases or combination therapies focused on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). These treatment approaches have become the standard of care in most cancer centers and significantly improved the prognosis and overall survival of advanced melanoma patients. Nevertheless, many patients do not benefit from or even respond to these treatments. It is therefore essential to better comprehend the phenomenon of drug resistance, immune escape mechanisms, as well as to search for alternative treatment strategies. In addition, strong predictive biomarkers are desperately needed to improve clinical efficacy. The aim of this Special Issue is to present recent advances in the field of melanoma research, in which the abovementioned areas represent the primary focus, and other relevant themes are also discussed.

Public health & preventive medicine --- melanoma --- targeted therapies --- BRAF --- druggable mutations --- real-time PCR --- NGS assay --- immune escape --- microRNA --- transporter associated with antigen processing --- incidence --- population-based study --- epidemiology --- Spain --- skin cancer --- single-cell transcriptome sequencing --- treatment response --- pseudotime analysis --- treatment --- ubiquitination --- miRNAs --- embryogenesis --- melanoblasts --- melanoblast --- NF1 --- transcriptome --- RNAseq --- Trp-1 --- metastasis --- animal models --- lung --- mice

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Preterm delivery (PTD; < 37 weeks’ gestation) complicates 5%–13% of deliveries worldwide, depending on the geographical and demographical characteristics of the population tested. It is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, as well as maternal morbidity. In fact, prematurity has both short- and long-term consequences for affected offspring and can leave these individuals with lifelong disabilities, even after the available interventions are attempted. While various risk factors for preterm birth are well-recognized, the etiology for preterm birth is multifactorial. Preterm parturition is a syndrome resulting from the premature activation of the common pathway of parturition, including an increased myometrial contractility; cervical ripening/dilatation and effacement; and membrane/decidual activation. Because the prevalence of preterm birth is so high, it is thought to put more financial, medical, and emotional stress on affected communities than any other perinatal issue. In past years, most of the research interest resulted in the prevention of preterm birth in order to alleviate the complications of prematurity. However, recent evidence suggests that the effect of preterm birth goes beyond the impact on the future health of both the mother and her offspring as well as the specific delivery in which preterm delivery has occurred. This book focuses on the risk factors, perinatal outcomes, and long-term consequences of this critical problem.

high-risk pregnancy --- shortened cervix --- microbiome --- Lactobacillus --- perinatal mortality --- preeclampsia --- pregnancy complications --- preterm birth --- preterm delivery --- small for gestational age --- extreme preterm birth --- placental abruption --- prematurity --- neurological --- pediatric --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- neurologic morbidity --- offspring --- preterm labor --- high-risk patients --- ultrasound --- elastography --- metalloproteinases --- MMP-8 --- MMP-9 --- risk factors --- prevention --- 17-OHPC --- micronized progesterone --- perinatal outcomes --- recommendations --- antenatal corticosteroids --- betamethasone --- preterm infant --- mortality --- respiratory distress syndrome --- gestational age --- threshold --- respiratory morbidity --- pediatric hospitalization --- Apgar score --- neurological morbidities --- long-term follow-up --- population-based study --- retrospective cohort --- ophthalmic morbidities --- retinopathy of prematurity --- n/a

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This Special Issue presents some of the main emerging research on technological topics of health and education approaches to Internet use-related problems, before and during the beginning of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The objective is to provide an overview to facilitate a comprehensive and practical approach to these new trends to promote research, interventions, education, and prevention. It contains 40 papers, four reviews and thirty-five empirical papers and an editorial introducing everything in a rapid review format. Overall, the empirical ones are of a relational type, associating specific behavioral addictive problems with individual factors, and a few with contextual factors, generally in adult populations. Many have adapted scales to measure these problems, and a few cover experiments and mixed methods studies. The reviews tend to be about the concepts and measures of these problems, intervention options, and prevention. In summary, it seems that these are a global culture trend impacting health and educational domains. Internet use-related addiction problems have emerged in almost all societies, and strategies to cope with them are under development to offer solutions to these contemporary challenges, especially during the pandemic situation that has highlighted the global health problems that we have, and how to holistically tackle them.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- smartphone use --- parental management --- scale validation --- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) --- smartphone addiction --- social media/messenger apps --- Facebook --- WhatsApp --- Internet addiction --- Internet use disorder --- smartphone use disorder --- internet gaming disorder --- stress --- resilience --- escape --- depression --- internet addiction --- PI --- EA --- self-identity --- social exclusion --- surveillance --- Facebook addiction --- online gambling --- self-exclusion --- responsible gambling --- comparative study --- poker --- public health model --- Internet game advertising --- accessibility --- environmental factors --- e-gambling --- e-gambling prevalence --- forms of e-gambling --- problem e-gambling --- problematic smartphone use --- pro-gamers --- Child Behavior Check List --- resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging --- problematic pornography use --- internet pornography use --- problematic pornography consumption scale --- problematic pornography use scale --- the short internet addiction test adapted to online sexual activities --- problematic Internet use --- non-medical use of prescription drugs --- depressive symptoms --- adolescents --- anxiety --- mental well-being --- population-based study --- parental monitoring --- problematic mobile phone use --- escape motivation --- shyness --- cluster analysis --- video game --- video game addiction --- personality --- comorbidity --- Internet Gaming Disorder --- gaming disorder --- gaming addiction --- behavioral addiction --- Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form --- adolescent internet use --- excessive internet use --- family factors --- parenting styles --- gaming --- social media --- behavior addiction --- sleep quality --- psychological distress --- problematic use --- addiction --- Twitter --- psychopathology --- suicide --- suicide attempts --- intervention --- case management --- adolescence --- marketing --- unhook --- gamification --- social-networks-use disorder --- social media use --- social networking sites --- protective competences --- self-regulation --- social needs --- solution-focused group counseling --- college students --- scientific production --- bibliometric analysis --- scientific mapping --- internet --- Web of Science --- phone --- BMI percentile --- food addiction --- emotional eating --- impulsivity --- emotion regulation --- compulsive buying --- addictive shopping --- online shopping --- dissociation --- problematic usage of pornography --- manifesto --- problematic usage of the internet --- COST action network --- behavioural addiction research. --- generalized Internet addiction --- online gaming addiction --- online gambling addiction --- Europe --- policy option --- prevention --- public health --- confirmatory factor analysis --- Malay version --- medical student --- validation study --- smartphones --- self-perceived addiction --- ROC analysis --- cutoff point --- SPAI–Spain --- video games --- mixed methods research --- stakeholder engagement --- consensus development --- social networking --- body self-esteem --- personality traits --- fsQCA models --- problematic phone use --- pain --- dry eye --- quality of life --- recovery --- prognosis --- cohort --- college student --- distraction --- randomized controlled trial --- social media addiction --- autonomy need dissatisfaction --- boredom proneness --- mobile phone gaming --- multiple mediation --- university student --- MPPUSA --- internet addiction test --- university students --- Peruvian sample --- psychometric properties --- pathological Internet use --- Internet gaming disorder --- social networking site addiction --- problem drinking --- alcohol --- adolescent --- Internet problematic use --- Internet use-related addiction problems --- technologies --- education --- health --- treatment --- COVID-19