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The oomycete genus Phytophthora represents one of the most notorious groups of tree pathogens in natural and semi-natural forest ecosystems. Since the discovery in the 1960s of the invasive P. cinnamomi, threatening some of the world’s richest plant communities in Australia, numerous Phytophthora diseases have been reported on forest trees worldwide, which were previously unknown to science. The most notable examples include the oak and beech declines triggered by different Phytophthora spp. in Europe and North America, the findings of sudden oak death and sudden larch death caused by P. ramorum in the Western USA and the U.K., respectively, and the association of P. austrocedri with mal del ciprés in Argentina and juniper decline in the U.K. All these epidemic events are driven by exotic invasive Phytophthora species, introduced through infested nursery plants from their native overseas environments. In recent years, many independent surveys have studied the diversity of Phytophthora species and the diseases they are causing across a diverse range of forests and other natural ecosystems. This Special Issue presents papers on Phytophthora surveys performed in different biogeographic regions and addresses the pathways, and ecological and economic impacts of these invasive forest pathogens.

soilborne pathogens --- pathways --- Populus --- Phytophthora plurivora --- Phytophthora pini --- pathogenicity tests --- biomass allocation --- dehesas --- drought --- montados --- oak decline --- plant traits --- root rot --- invasive species --- natural ecosystems --- streams --- vegetation type --- baiting --- ITS region --- leaf decay --- oomycetes --- aquatic fungi --- trophic specialization --- saprotroph --- pathogen --- parasite --- Phytophthora --- diversity --- wild apple forest --- decline --- forest disease monitoring --- holm oak decline --- biosecurity --- breeding systems --- hybridization --- Phytophthora cinnamomi --- biogeography --- center of origin --- GLMM --- tree mortality --- root rot. --- plantation --- open forests --- Phytophthora ×cambivora --- bark canker --- ectomycorrhiza --- cork oak

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Globally, fire regimes are being altered by changing climatic conditions and land use changes. This has the potential to drive species extinctions and cause ecosystem state changes, with a range of consequences for ecosystem services. Accurate prediction of the risk of forest fires over short timescales (weeks or months) is required for land managers to target suppression resources in order to protect people, property, and infrastructure, as well as fire-sensitive ecosystems. Over longer timescales, prediction of changes in forest fire regimes is required to model the effect of wildfires on the terrestrial carbon cycle and subsequent feedbacks into the climate system.This was the motivation to publish this book, which is focused on quantifying and modelling the risk factors of forest fires. More specifically, the chapters in this book address four topics: (i) the use of fire danger metrics and other approaches to understand variation in wildfire activity; (ii) understanding changes in the flammability of live fuel; (iii) modeling dead fuel moisture content; and (iv) estimations of emission factors.The book will be of broad relevance to scientists and managers working with fire in different forest ecosystems globally.

fire danger rating --- fire management --- fire regime --- fire size --- fire weather --- Portugal --- critical LFMC threshold --- forest/grassland fire --- radiative transfer model --- remote sensing --- southwest China --- acid rain --- aerosol --- biomass burning --- forest fire --- PM2.5 --- direct estimation --- meteorological factor regression --- moisture content --- time lag --- forest fire driving factors --- forest fire occurrence --- random forest --- forest fire management --- China --- Cupressus sempervirens --- fire risk --- fuels --- fuel moisture content --- mass loss calorimeter --- Seiridium cardinale --- vulnerability to wildfires --- disease --- alien pathogen --- allochthonous species --- introduced fungus --- drying tests --- humidity diffusion coefficients --- wildfire --- prescribed burning --- modeling --- drought --- flammability --- fuel moisture --- leaf water potential --- plant traits --- climate change --- MNI --- fire season --- fire behavior --- crown fire --- fire modeling --- senescence --- foliar moisture content --- canopy bulk density --- fire danger --- fire weather patterns --- RCP --- FWI system --- SSR --- occurrence of forest fire --- machine learning --- variable importance --- prediction accuracy --- epicormic resprouter --- eucalyptus --- fire severity --- flammability feedbacks --- temperate forest --- n/a

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This book shows recent and innovative applications of the use of hyperspectral technology for optimal quantification of crop, vegetation, and soil biophysical variables at various spatial scales, which can be an important aspect in agricultural management practices and monitoring. The articles collected inside the book are intended to help researchers and farmers involved in precision agriculture techniques and practices, as well as in plant nutrient prediction, to a higher comprehension of strengths and limitations of the application of hyperspectral imaging to agriculture and vegetation. Hyperspectral remote sensing for studying agriculture and natural vegetation is a challenging research topic that will remain of great interest for different sciences communities in decades.

Research & information: general --- Environmental economics --- hyperspectral LiDAR --- Red Edge --- AOTF --- vegetation parameters --- leaf chlorophyll content --- DLARI --- MDATT --- adaxial --- abaxial --- spectral reflectance --- peanut --- field spectroscopy --- hyperspectral --- heavy metals --- grapevine --- PLS --- SVM --- MLR --- multi-angle observation --- hyperspectral remote sensing --- BRDF --- vegetation classification --- object-oriented segmentation --- spectroscopy --- artificial intelligence --- proximal sensing data --- precision agriculture --- spectra --- vegetation --- plant --- classification --- discrimination --- feature selection --- waveband selection --- support vector machine --- random forest --- Natura 2000 --- invasive species --- expansive species --- biodiversity --- proximal sensor --- macronutrient --- micronutrient --- remote sensing --- hyperspectral imaging --- platforms and sensors --- analytical methods --- crop properties --- soil characteristics --- classification of agricultural features --- canopy spectra --- chlorophyll content --- continuous wavelet transform (CWT) --- correlation coefficient --- partial least square regression (PLSR) --- reproducibility --- replicability --- partial least squares --- Ethiopia --- Eragrostis tef --- hyperspectral remote sensing for soil and crops in agriculture --- hyperspectral imaging for vegetation --- plant traits --- high-resolution spectroscopy for agricultural soils and vegetation --- hyperspectral databases for agricultural soils and vegetation --- hyperspectral data as input for modelling soil, crop, and vegetation --- product validation --- new hyperspectral technologies --- future hyperspectral missions --- hyperspectral LiDAR --- Red Edge --- AOTF --- vegetation parameters --- leaf chlorophyll content --- DLARI --- MDATT --- adaxial --- abaxial --- spectral reflectance --- peanut --- field spectroscopy --- hyperspectral --- heavy metals --- grapevine --- PLS --- SVM --- MLR --- multi-angle observation --- hyperspectral remote sensing --- BRDF --- vegetation classification --- object-oriented segmentation --- spectroscopy --- artificial intelligence --- proximal sensing data --- precision agriculture --- spectra --- vegetation --- plant --- classification --- discrimination --- feature selection --- waveband selection --- support vector machine --- random forest --- Natura 2000 --- invasive species --- expansive species --- biodiversity --- proximal sensor --- macronutrient --- micronutrient --- remote sensing --- hyperspectral imaging --- platforms and sensors --- analytical methods --- crop properties --- soil characteristics --- classification of agricultural features --- canopy spectra --- chlorophyll content --- continuous wavelet transform (CWT) --- correlation coefficient --- partial least square regression (PLSR) --- reproducibility --- replicability --- partial least squares --- Ethiopia --- Eragrostis tef --- hyperspectral remote sensing for soil and crops in agriculture --- hyperspectral imaging for vegetation --- plant traits --- high-resolution spectroscopy for agricultural soils and vegetation --- hyperspectral databases for agricultural soils and vegetation --- hyperspectral data as input for modelling soil, crop, and vegetation --- product validation --- new hyperspectral technologies --- future hyperspectral missions

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Plants provide the foundation for the structure and function, as well as interactions, among organisms in both tropical and temperate zone habitats. To date, many investigations have revealed patterns and mechanisms generating plant diversity at various scales and from diverse ecological perspectives. However, in the era of climate change, anthropogenic disturbance, and rapid urbanization, new insights are needed to understand how plant species in these forest habitats are changing and adapting. Investigations of plants in both little-disturbed, more natural environments, as well as in urban areas in which crucial green infrastructure is ever more important for sustaining complex human societies are needed. This Special Issue of Forests will focus on plant variation from the perspectives of morphology, genetics, and function, especially plant interactions with biotic and abiotic factors. Research articles may address any aspect of plant evolution and community phylogenetics (explorations of patterns and mechanisms from diverse organismal levels, e.g., molecular, population, species, community, landscape, and ecosystem), plant functional traits (e.g., nutrient traits of leaf, stem, root; reproductive traits of flower, fruit, seed), and/or responses of plant species to changing environments (e.g., water, atmosphere, soil, human activities). Studies providing quantitative evaluation or description of interactions of plants with animals and microbes, both in natural and urban environments, including terrestrial and aquatic systems, are also welcome.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Forestry & related industries --- Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg. --- HbMad-box genes --- conserved domains --- gene structures --- expression profiles --- stress treatments --- microsatellite locus --- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium --- genetic differentiation --- breeding population --- artificial selection --- Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. --- transcripts --- transcriptome assembly --- simple sequence repeats --- transcription factors --- cytochrome p450 --- glycotransferases --- metabolic pathway --- grafting --- pecan --- miRNA --- graft union --- sequencing --- edible forest product --- forest biology --- macro-fungi --- non-timber forest products (NTFPs) --- Pan-Pearl River Delta --- allometry --- anatomy --- Polygonatum odoratum --- Polygonatum multiflorum --- shape --- shoot --- endophytes --- medicinal plants --- pathogen --- molecular identification --- plant-microbe interaction --- gas exchange --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- growth trait --- genetic variation --- early selection --- pedunculate oak --- drought --- stress --- memory --- flushing --- autumn leaf senescence --- phenological shift --- carry-over effect --- mangroves --- DNA barcoding --- species identification --- phylogenetic relation --- moso bamboo --- heat shock factor gene --- abiotic stresses --- co-expression --- yellow-green leaf mutant --- transcriptome --- antenna protein --- photosynthesis --- birch --- Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen --- genetic diversity --- population structure --- EST-SSR marker --- microsatellite marker --- rosewood --- conservation --- Pinus massoniana --- introgression hybrid --- RNA sequencing --- DEGs --- reproduction --- phenology --- leafing out --- flowering --- senescence --- cumulative logistic regression --- hawthorn --- provenance trial --- non-local populations --- variance analysis --- lime application --- understory removal --- microbial community --- forest management --- Eucalyptus --- protogyny (PG) --- protandry (PA) --- pollen viability --- seed success --- polyploidy --- phosphate solubilizing bacteria --- nutrition --- oil tea --- Lagerstroemia species --- simple sequence repeat markers --- bulked segregant analysis --- creeping trait --- plant architecture --- climate change --- forest biodiversity --- plant–environment interactions --- plant traits --- urbanization --- Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg. --- HbMad-box genes --- conserved domains --- gene structures --- expression profiles --- stress treatments --- microsatellite locus --- Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium --- genetic differentiation --- breeding population --- artificial selection --- Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. --- transcripts --- transcriptome assembly --- simple sequence repeats --- transcription factors --- cytochrome p450 --- glycotransferases --- metabolic pathway --- grafting --- pecan --- miRNA --- graft union --- sequencing --- edible forest product --- forest biology --- macro-fungi --- non-timber forest products (NTFPs) --- Pan-Pearl River Delta --- allometry --- anatomy --- Polygonatum odoratum --- Polygonatum multiflorum --- shape --- shoot --- endophytes --- medicinal plants --- pathogen --- molecular identification --- plant-microbe interaction --- gas exchange --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- growth trait --- genetic variation --- early selection --- pedunculate oak --- drought --- stress --- memory --- flushing --- autumn leaf senescence --- phenological shift --- carry-over effect --- mangroves --- DNA barcoding --- species identification --- phylogenetic relation --- moso bamboo --- heat shock factor gene --- abiotic stresses --- co-expression --- yellow-green leaf mutant --- transcriptome --- antenna protein --- photosynthesis --- birch --- Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen --- genetic diversity --- population structure --- EST-SSR marker --- microsatellite marker --- rosewood --- conservation --- Pinus massoniana --- introgression hybrid --- RNA sequencing --- DEGs --- reproduction --- phenology --- leafing out --- flowering --- senescence --- cumulative logistic regression --- hawthorn --- provenance trial --- non-local populations --- variance analysis --- lime application --- understory removal --- microbial community --- forest management --- Eucalyptus --- protogyny (PG) --- protandry (PA) --- pollen viability --- seed success --- polyploidy --- phosphate solubilizing bacteria --- nutrition --- oil tea --- Lagerstroemia species --- simple sequence repeat markers --- bulked segregant analysis --- creeping trait --- plant architecture --- climate change --- forest biodiversity --- plant–environment interactions --- plant traits --- urbanization