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745 (Pineau) --- 745 (44) ¸ 17 ¸

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Political corruption --- Criminology --- Corruption (Politique) --- Criminologie --- Dassault, Serge. --- Pineau-Valencienne, Didier. --- Situation politique

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The surprising story of how Algeria joined and then left the postwar European Economic Community and what its past inclusion means for extracontinental membership in today’s European Union. On their face, the mid-1950s negotiations over European integration were aimed at securing unity in order to prevent violent conflict and boost economies emerging from the disaster of World War II. But French diplomats had other motives, too. From Africa to Southeast Asia, France’s empire was unraveling. France insisted that Algeria—the crown jewel of the empire and home to a nationalist movement then pleading its case to the United Nations—be included in the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community. The French hoped that Algeria’s involvement in the EEC would quell colonial unrest and confirm international agreement that Algeria was indeed French. French authorities harnessed Algeria’s legal status as an official département within the empire to claim that European trade regulations and labor rights should traverse the Mediterranean. Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany conceded in order to move forward with the treaty, and Algeria entered a rights regime that allowed free movement of labor and guaranteed security for the families of migrant workers. Even after independence in 1962, Algeria remained part of the community, although its ongoing inclusion was a matter of debate. Still, Algeria’s membership continued until 1976, when a formal treaty removed it from the European community. The Seventh Member State combats understandings of Europe’s “natural” borders by emphasizing the extracontinental contours of the early union. The unification vision was never spatially limited, suggesting that contemporary arguments for geographic boundaries excluding Turkey and areas of Eastern Europe from the European Union must be seen as ahistorical.

Postcolonialism --- Post-colonialism --- Postcolonial theory --- Political science --- Decolonization --- History. --- E-books --- European Economic Community. --- Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community --- Algeria --- France --- Europe --- History --- Foreign relations --- CEE (European Economic Community) --- Evropeĭskiĭ Soi︠u︡z --- C.E.E. (European Economic Community) --- Communauté économique européenne --- Comunidad Económica Europea --- Comunità economica europea --- EEC (European Economic Community) --- EC --- Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft --- Europejska Wspólnota Gospodarcza --- Europese Economische Gemeenschap --- Európai Gazdasági Közösség --- EHS --- Kurapʻa Kyŏngje Kongdongchʻe --- Kurapʻa Kongdong Sijang --- EEG --- Evropeĭska ikonomicheska obshtnost --- Evropské hospodářské spolecenstvi --- Comunidade Económica Europeia --- EWG --- Europæiske økonomiske fællesskab --- EØF --- Koinē Agora --- EOK --- MCE --- Mercado Común Europeo --- Europeiske økonomiske fellesskap --- Evropeĭskoe ėkonomicheskoe soobshchestvo --- MEC --- Evropska ekonomska zaednica --- EZZ --- Common Market --- Marché commun --- EĖS --- Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu --- AET --- Müşterek Pazar --- Ortak Pazar --- Sūq al-Ūrūbbīyah al-Mushtarakah --- Mercado Comum --- Europaikē Oikonomikē Koinotēta --- Evropska gospodarska skupnost --- Mercato comune --- EEZ --- Evropska ekonomska zajednica --- Euroopan Yhteisö --- EY --- EIO --- Shuḳ ha-Eropi ha-meʼuḥad --- Suq Komuni --- Eurōpaïkē Koinotēta --- Comunidade Européia --- Mercado Comum Europeau --- Unia Europejska --- Koinotēta --- E.G. --- קהילה האירופית --- קהילייה האירופאית --- שוק הארופאי המשותף --- Evropeisku Félagsmarknaðin --- EF --- EC Treaty --- EEC Treaty --- EØFT --- Euroopan Talousyhteisön perustamissopimus --- Rome Treaty --- Romfördraget --- Rooman sopimus --- Synthēkē EOK --- Synthēkē tēs EOK --- Synthēkē tēs Rōmēs --- SynthEOK --- TFEU --- Traité de Rome --- Traité instituant la CEE --- Traité instituant la Communauté économique européenne --- Traktat om oprettelse af det Europæiske økonomiske fælleskab --- Tratado de Roma --- Tratado que institui a Comunidade Europeia --- Trattato istitutivo della Comunità economica europea --- Treaty Establishing the European Community --- Treaty of Rome --- Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union --- al-Dzāyīr --- al-Jazāʼir --- Algérie --- Algerien --- Algeriet --- Alg'eryah --- Algieria --- Algierska Republika Ludowo-Demokratyczna --- Alg'iryah --- Alzhir --- Alžir --- Argelia --- Cezayir --- Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria --- Democratic Republic of Algeria --- Dżumhurija al-Dżazajrija asz-Szaabija ad-Dimukratija --- Gouvernement général de l'Algérie --- Jumhūrīyah al-Jazāʼirīyah al-Dīmuqrāṭīyah wa-al-Shaʻbīyah --- Jumhūrīyah al Jazāʼirīyah ash Shaʻbīyah --- People's Democratic Republic of Algeria --- République algérienne démocratique et populaire --- אלג'יריה --- الجزائر‎ --- الدزاير --- Алжир --- Algeria (Provisional Government, 1958-1962) --- Council of Europe countries --- Eastern Hemisphere --- Eurasia --- Bro-C'hall --- Fa-kuo --- Fa-lan-hsi --- Faguo --- Falanxi --- Falanxi Gongheguo --- Faransā --- Farānsah --- França --- Francia (Republic) --- Francija --- Francja --- Francland --- Francuska --- Franis --- Franḳraykh --- Frankreich --- Frankrig --- Frankrijk --- Frankrike --- Frankryk --- Fransa --- Fransa Respublikası --- Franse --- Franse Republiek --- Frant︠s︡ --- Frant︠s︡ Uls --- Frant︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Frantsuzskai︠a︡ Rėspublika --- Frantsyi︠a︡ --- Franza --- French Republic --- Frencisc Cynewīse --- Frenska republika --- Furansu --- Furansu Kyōwakoku --- Gallia --- Gallia (Republic) --- Gallikē Dēmokratia --- Hyãsia --- Parancis --- Peurancih --- Phransiya --- Pransiya --- Pransya --- Prantsusmaa --- Pʻŭrangsŭ --- Ranska --- República Francesa --- Republica Franzesa --- Republika Francuska --- Republiḳah ha-Tsarfatit --- Republikang Pranses --- République française --- Tsarfat --- Tsorfat --- Γαλλική Δημοκρατία --- Γαλλία --- Франц --- Франц Улс --- Французская Рэспубліка --- Францыя --- Франция --- Френска република --- פראנקרייך --- צרפת --- רפובליקה הצרפתית --- فرانسه --- فرنسا --- フランス --- フランス共和国 --- 法国 --- 法蘭西 --- 法蘭西共和國 --- 프랑스 --- France (Provisional government, 1944-1946) --- 30 Glorious Years. --- Abdennour Tamzali. --- Christian Pineau. --- Eugène Guernier. --- European identity. --- European unification. --- Fortress Europe. --- French colonies. --- French overseas departments. --- Jacques Ferrandi. --- Leopold Senghor. --- Maurice Couve de Murville. --- Robert Lemaignen.

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Graphics industry --- Art --- Graphic arts --- artists' books [books] --- typography --- Feldmann, Hans-Peter --- Spoerri, Daniel --- Horn, Rebecca --- Gastini, Marco --- Cavellini, Guglielmo Achille --- Battaglia, Carlo --- Broodthaers, Marcel --- Immendorff, Jörg --- LeWitt, Sol --- Penck, A.R. --- Adamski, Hans Peter --- Rutault, Claude --- Ransonnet, Jean-Pierre --- Snow, Michael --- Breakwell, Ian --- Wilson, Martha --- Dibbets, Jan --- Rainer, Arnulf --- Tremlett, David --- Boyle, Mark --- Buren, Daniel --- Sveinsson, Ben --- Lacy, Suzanne --- Oppenheim, Dennis --- Bay, Didier --- Chiari, Giuseppe --- Efrat, Benni --- Gitlin, Michael --- Warhol, Andy --- Hamilton, Richard --- Titus-Carmel, Gérard --- Oldenburg, Claes --- Hilliard, John --- Kirili, Alain --- Klauke, Jürgen --- Knowles, Alison --- Nonas, Richard --- Simonds, Charles --- Willats, Stephen --- Genesis P-Orridge --- Ruptz --- Leisgen, Barbara en Michael --- Charlier, Jacques --- Alessandro --- Allen, Roberta --- Arcelli & Comini --- Atkinson, Conrad --- Bartolini, Luciano --- Beveridge, Karl --- Haacke, Hans --- Bogaerts, Alain --- Boogaerts, Pierre --- Celender, Don --- Chabot, André --- Ciam, Giorgio --- Collins, James --- Conde, Carole --- Fabro, Luciano --- Costa, Claudio --- Cutforth, Roger --- Davis, Douglas --- Filippi, De, Fernando --- Jong, de, Constance --- Degand, Cis --- Dias, Antonio --- Esposito, Diego --- Fernie, John C. --- Fine, Judd --- Fish, Mary --- Pistoletto, Michelangelo --- Forti, Simone --- Friðfinnsson, Hreinn --- Morris, Robert --- Gette, Paul-Armand --- Gibbs, Michael --- Gibson, Jon --- Gilles, Richard --- Gins, Madeline --- Gravier, Nicole --- Sack, Dori --- Humphrey, Ralph --- Christo --- Iimura, Takahiko --- Johnson, Ray --- Smithson, Robert --- Kozlowski, Jaroslaw --- Rocca, La, Ketty --- Lauter, Bernd --- Weiner, Lawrence --- Smet, de, Yves --- Locci, Bruno --- Fulton, Hamish --- Maestri, Renato --- Mariani, Carlo Maria --- Marroquin, Raul --- Matarrese, Francesco --- Menken, Richard --- Beuys, Joseph --- Murphy, John --- Pineau, Jacques --- Pozzi, Lucio --- Putatti, Sergio --- Renouf, Edda --- Resnick, Marcia --- Rickaby, Tony --- Robbins, Bruce --- Santoro, Suzanne --- Sauzeau-Boetti, Anne-Marie --- Scanga, Italo --- Schneeman, Carolee --- Shafrazy, Tony --- Shiomi, Mieko --- Sokol, John --- Sonneman, Eve --- Stembera, Petr --- Stezaker, John --- Stuart, Michelle --- Theewen, Gerhard --- Long, Richard --- Burgin, Victor --- Van Schley --- Vandeloise, Claude --- Boltanski, Christian --- Byars, James L. --- Dermisache, Mirtha --- Downsbrough, Peter --- Nyst, Jacques L. --- Roth, Dieter --- Villers, Bernard --- Vega, Alan --- Zaza, Michele --- Arakawa, Shusaku --- Penone, Giuseppe --- Paolini, Giulio --- Reich, Steve --- Attersee, Christian Ludwig --- Balth, Carel --- Dekkers, Ger --- Hemsworth, Gerard --- Cage, John --- Snick, van, Philippe --- Tuttle, Richard --- Gudmundsson, Sigurdur --- Lennep, Van, Jacques --- Brouwn, Stanley --- Merz, Mario --- Ruscha, Ed --- Harvey, Michael --- Mees, Guy --- Bury, Pol --- Vautier, Ben --- Matthys, Danny --- Morellet, François --- Raetz, Markus --- Acconci, Vito --- Marden, Brice --- Graham, Dan --- Messager, Annette --- Judd, Donald --- Walther, Franz Erhard --- Anselmo, Giovanni --- Armleder, John M. --- Artschwager, Richard --- Gac, le, Jean --- Bochner, Mel --- Boetti, Alighiero --- Chaimowicz, Marc Camille --- Charlesworth, Sarah --- Gilbert and George --- Head, Tim --- Mol, Pieter Laurens --- Nauman, Bruce --- Reinhardt, Ad --- Sarkis --- Ontani, Luigi --- Gerz, Jochen --- Steir, Pat --- Toroni, Niele --- Vandemoortele, Christine --- Attalai, Gabor --- Aycock, Alice --- Baldessari, John --- Boulanger, Michel --- Breloh, Heinz --- Burden, Chris --- Cadere, André --- Cane, Louis --- Charlton, Alan --- Cumming, Robert --- Cuvelier, Werner --- Devade, Marc --- Filliou, Robert --- Fischer, Hervé --- Forest, Fred --- Friedman, Ken --- Grand, Toni --- Griffa, Giorgio --- Groh, Klaus --- Hafif, Marcia --- Hendricks, Geoffrey --- Higgins, Dick --- Huebler, Douglas --- Isenrath, Paul --- Lamelas, David --- Levine, Les --- Lüthi, Urs --- Mosset, Olivier --- Opałka, Roman --- Piacentino, Gianni --- Roehr, Peter --- Romeu, Joost A. --- Sandback, Frederick Laue --- Thenot, Jean-Paul --- Tót, Endre --- Urban, Nikolaus --- Venet, Bernar --- Vostell, Wolf --- Young, La Monte --- Kostelanetz, Richard --- Maloney, Martin --- Dimitrijević, Braco --- Roquet, Maurice --- Carrión, Ulises --- Mouraud, Tania --- Piper, Adrian --- Poirier, Anne --- Nitsch, Hermann --- Copley, William --- Elk, van, Ger --- Anderson, Laurie --- Ruppersberg, Allen --- Defraoui, Chérif --- Matta-Clark, Gordon --- Kaprow, Allan --- Panamarenko --- Kosuth, Joseph --- Art & Language --- General Idea --- anno 1900-1999