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Spelt, an ancient bread cereal, is being rediscovered in Europe and North America, mainly because it is said to have valuable nutritional and/or physiological properties, although the scientific basis of such claims have not yet been established. Previous studies have shown that spelt fine bran has a higher lipid content (including phytosterols) than wheat’s corresponding fraction. Since phytosterols are able to exert a hypercholesterolemia effect when given as dietary supplement, the aims of the study were :
1. To evaluate the effects of spelt versus wheat fine bran on lipid metabolism
2. To compare the physiological effects of two different doses of phytosterols on this metabolism and
3. To analyse the direct effects of the main phytosterol present en bran on hepatic lipid synthesis. In first experiment, male Wistar rats were fed either a standard diet (A04) or the same diet enriched with 0,4 % cholesterol, 0,4 % cholesterol + 10 % wheat fine bran. After4 weeks, when compared with rats fed with a standard diet, cholesterol addition increased the hepatic cholesterol and triglycerides content. No difference in hepatic lipids resulted from fine bran addition of either cereal; serum cholesterol was even higher in wheat treated animals, probably due to the higher daily dietary intake. In the second experiment, rat received a standard diet, 4,4 % cholesterol + 0,05 % phytosterols or 0,4% cholesterol + 1 % phytosterols.
All the protocol was similar to the first one. The food conversion efficiency (FCE) was clearly inferior when phytostérols were present in the diet. Furthermore, 1 % phytosterol seems to be necessary and enough to avoid the hepatic accumulation of the dietary cholesterol.
Nevertheless, we did not notice any significant reduction of blood lipid levels even if LDL-C was lower phytosterol were given.
On the other hand, the main phytosterol of spelt fine bran, , namely β-sitosterol, reduced cholesterol synthesis-measured as labelled acetate incorporation into cholesterol inside PCLS (Precision Cut Liver Slices) in culture – when added to the culture medium of PCLS at the dose of 50 Μm. No cell toxicity was noted at this dose.
Our results suggest that, in addition to the well-known interference with intestinal cholesterol absorption, β-sitosterol reduces, in vitro, the cholesterol synthesis in PCLS; but in our experimental conditions, no effect of spelt fine bran could be shown on lipid metabolism in cholesterol fed rats. This may be explained by the fact that phytosterol content in spelt fine bran remains to allow any intestinal or hepatic L’épeautre, cousin éloigné du froment et tout comme lui planifiable, connaît à l’heure actuelle un regain d’intérêt en Europe et aux Etats-Unis. On lui accorde de nombreuses propriétés physiologiques et/ou nutritionnelles, sans qu’aucune d’entre elles ne soient encore scientifiquement établie.
Des études préalables montrent que le fin son gris de farine d’épeautre est plus riche en lipides (y compris en phytostérols) que le sous-produit correspondant de froment. Par ailleurs, les phytostérols sont capables d’exercer un effet hypocholestérolémiant lorsqu’ils sont donnés comme suppléments alimentaires.
Dans une première étude, nous avons évalué l’effet du fin son gris de farine d’épeautre (EP) par rapport à celui de froment (FR) sur le métabolisme lipidique du rat.
Des rats Wistar ont reçu une alimentation standard (A04) ou le même diète enrichie de 0,4% de cholestérol, 0,4 % de cholestérol + 10 % EP ou 0,4 % de cholestérol + 10% FR.
Après 4 semaines, l’ajout de cholestérol dans la diète a augmenté significativement le contenu hépatique en tryglycérides (TG) et cholestérol par rapport au groupe contrôle. Aucune différence du contenu hépatique en lipides n’à cependant pu être attribuée à la présence de fin son.
Les taux sanguins de TG et de cholestérol étaient plus élevés dans le groupe FR par rapport au groupe EP, tout comme la consommation alimentaire.
Une seconde étude in vivo chez le rat a permis d’étudier l’influence des phytostérols contenus dans le fin son gris d’épeautre (β-sitostérol essentiellement) sur le métabolisme lipidique.
Le protocole expérimental fut calqué sur le précédent ; les groupes contrôle et cholestérol seul étant identiques ; les 2 groupes supplémentés en phytostérols reçurent 0,4 % de cholestérol + 0,05 ou 1 % de phytostérols.
L’ajout des phytostérols dans la diète a diminué significativement la Food Conversion Efficiency (FEC) par rapport aux groupes contrôle et cholestérol seul dans la mesure où les rats supplémentés en phytostérols consommaient davantage de nourriture mais prenaient moins de poids. La quantité de 1% de phytostérols s’est avérée nécessaire et suffisante pour empêcher l’accumulation hépatique du cholestérol exogène. Toutefois, nous n’avons pas mis en évidence une baisse significative des lipides sanguins suite à la consommation de phytostérols. En outre, la synthèse hépatique du cholestérol, inhibée suite à la présence de cholestérol, n’a pu être restaurée en présence de phytostérols.
Nous avons dés lors analysé l’effet direct du β-sitostérol sur le métabolisme hépatique du cholestérol grâce au modèle des PCLS (precision-cut-liver-slices). Lorsqu’une dose de 50 μM de ce stérol est présente dans le milieu de culture des PCLS, une diminution significative de la synthèse du cholestérol, mesurée par l’incorporation d’acétate marqué au sein des PCLS en culture est observée. Nos résultats suggèrent qu’en plus de l’interférence bien établie au niveau de l’absorption du cholestérol, le β-sitostérol, notamment présent dans le fin son gris d’épeautre, module directement le métabolisme hépatique

Phytosterols --- Flour

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Lipoproteins --- Plant Oils --- Phytosterols --- Phenols --- blood --- pharmacology --- pharmacokinetics

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Glucans --- Tocotrienols --- Lipoproteins --- Soybean Proteins --- Phytosterols --- Sitosterols --- Cardiovascular Diseases --- pharmacology --- blood --- therapeutic use --- prevention & control

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Sterols and other isoprenoids are of great interest for their molecular structure and function in cell architecture and evolution, as well as for their importance in medicine and agriculture. Molecules’ 2019 Festschrift Special Issue in honor of the 65th birthday of Prof. W. David Nes, an internationally recognized chemical biologist and recipient of the George Schroepher medal for sterol research, focuses on recent developments in the chemistry, biosynthesis, and function of these polycyclic natural products. This volume of Molecules contains 16 leading-edge review articles and original research contributions from an international cast of scientists. This volume is grouped into three sections: (i) isoprenoid metabolome and diversity, (ii) clinical evaluation of sterol and triterpene structures and biosynthesis, and (iii) methods and synthesis of steroids and other compounds. The volume will be a valuable reference tool for those who study medicinal chemistry, protein chemistry, and biochemistry of isoprenoid lipids.

high-fat high-carbohydrate diet --- toxicity --- oxysterol --- n/a --- squalene cyclase --- sterol content --- sterolomics --- Polystichum --- Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome --- antifungals --- alkaloid --- cycloartenol synthase --- degeneration --- phytosterol --- Rhizopus arrhizus --- fibroblasts --- pod-blast --- fern --- cholesterol --- cytotoxic activity --- N-methylpiperidine. reductive deamination --- genetic disease --- isoprenoid --- steroid --- atherosclerosis --- granatane --- antioxidant --- wound healing --- development --- enzyme-assisted derivatization --- maturity --- terpene --- keratinocytes --- C4-demethylation complex (C4DMC) --- ?-sitosterol --- mesocarp --- sterol biosynthesis --- mechanism-based inactivators --- Mucorales --- gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) --- Girard reagent --- ROS --- sterol pattern --- N-methylcadaverine --- ?-tocopherol --- electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry --- human African trypanosomiasis --- HUVECs --- lipidomics --- campesterol --- triterpene --- oxyphytosterol --- leishmania --- Chagas disease --- LOX-1 --- sterol C24-methyltransferase --- antifungal effectivity --- ergosterol biosynthesis --- hormone --- glucose homeostasis --- retina --- solanaceae --- cholestanoic acid --- algal sterols --- cell migration --- withanolides --- insulin resistance --- Zingiber officinale --- posaconazole --- synthesis --- pre-diabetes --- pharmacognosy --- sterol --- 4-methylsterol --- oleanolic acid --- antiparasitic drugs --- lupeol --- oilseed --- aurelianolides --- divalent metal co-factor ligation --- bile alcohol --- phytosterols --- azoles --- infectious disease --- gingerols --- UV-radiation --- oil bodies --- ZnO --- sterol 14?-demethylase --- stigmasterol

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There is unequivocal experimental, epidemiological, and clinical evidence demonstrating a correlation between diet and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). While nutritionally-poor diets can have a significant negative impact on cardiovascular health, dietary interventions with specific nutrients and/or functional foods are considered cost-effective and efficient components of prevention strategies. It has been estimated that nutritional factors may be responsible for approximately 40% of all CVD. Indeed, in one of the seminal studies conducted on modifiable risk factors and heart health (the INTERHEART study), >90% of all myocardial infarctions were attributed to preventable environmental factors with nutrition identified as one of the important determinants of CVD. There is an increasing public interest in and scientific investigation into establishing dietary approaches that can be undertaken for the prevention and treatment of CVD. This Special Issue provides an insight into the influential role of nutrition and dietary habits on cardiovascular health and disease, as well as their mechanisms of therapeutic and preventive action.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- magnesium deficiency --- arterial hypertension --- vascular tone --- arterial stiffness --- vascular remodeling --- insulin resistance --- magnesium supplementation --- dietary magnesium intake --- Zeb2 --- cardiac fibroblast --- activated myofibroblast --- cardiac fibrosis --- fibroblast contractility --- fish oil --- omega-3 fatty acids --- eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) --- docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) --- cardiovascular disease --- irisin --- pediatric --- children --- nutrition --- diet --- body composition --- metabolic syndrome --- obesity, neonates --- Mediterranean diet --- inflammation --- nutrients --- polyphenols --- MUFA --- PUFA --- bioactive compounds --- phytosterols --- dietary pattern --- Aronia melanocarpa --- standardized extract --- dietary strategies --- supplementation --- cocaine --- cardiovascular health --- heart disease --- acute effects --- chronic effects --- marinobufagenin --- ouabain --- salt --- hypertension --- fibrosis --- Panax quinquefolius --- ginseng berry --- myocardial infarction --- phenolic compounds --- vascular aging --- vascular calcification --- arteriosclerosis --- Klotho --- chronic kidney disease (CKD), cancer --- diabetes --- heart failure --- micronutrients --- iron --- vitamins --- trace elements --- vitamin D --- seasonal variation --- lifestyle --- cytokines --- lipids --- mechanisms --- immunoregulatory --- eicosapentaenoic acid --- docosahexaenoic acid --- omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids --- coronary heart disease --- stretching --- TGF-β1 --- n/a