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Apomixis is the consequence of a concerted mechanism that harnesses the sexual machinery and coordinates developmental steps in the ovule to produce an asexual (clonal) seed. Altered sexual developments involve widely characterized functional and anatomical changes in meiosis, gametogenesis, and embryo and endosperm formation. The ovules of apomictic plants skip meiosis and form unreduced female gametophytes whose egg cells develop into a parthenogenetic embryo, and the central cells may or may not fuse to a sperm to develop the seed endosperm. Thus, functional apomixis involves at least three components, apomeiosis, parthenogenesis, and endosperm development, modified from sexual reproduction that must be coordinated at the molecular level to progress through the developmental steps and form a clonal seed. Despite recent progress uncovering specific genes related to apomixis-like phenotypes and the formation of clonal seeds, the molecular basis and regulatorynetwork of apomixis is still unknown. This is a central problem underlying the current limitations of apomixis breeding. This book collates twelve publications addressing different topics around the molecular basis of apomixis, illustrating recent discoveries and advances toward understanding the genetic regulation of the trait, discussing the possible origins of apomixis and the remaining challenges for its commercial deployment in plants.

apomixis --- evolution --- germline --- gene regulation --- sporogenesis --- plant reproduction --- ribosome --- RNA helicase --- sexual development --- stress response --- apomeiosis --- clonal seeds --- endosperm --- heterosis capture --- molecular breeding --- parthenogenesis --- differentially expressed genes --- hybridization --- microarrays --- polyploidy --- Ranunculus --- sexuality --- character segregation --- crop biotechnology --- heterosis --- meiosis --- recombination --- agamospermy --- basal angiosperms (ANA-grade) --- sporocyteless --- polycomb-group proteins --- reproductive systems --- apomixis evolution --- APOSTART --- Poa pratensis --- diplospory --- autonomous endosperm --- genetics --- Taraxacum --- dandelion --- weeping lovegrass --- drought stress --- RNA-seq --- plant breeding --- plant development --- Hieracium piloselloides --- CRISPR/Cas9 --- PHYTOENE DESATURASE (PDS) --- amplicon sequencing --- genome editing --- tissue culture --- haploid progeny --- dicotyledon --- PsASGR-BBML --- pseudogamy --- 5-azacytidine --- abscisic acid --- apospory --- expression profiling --- fluridone --- metabolic homeostasis --- oxidative stress --- sucrose non-fermenting-related protein kinase --- n/a

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Microalgae are photosynthetic organisms with the ability to sequester and convert atmospheric carbon dioxide into high-value bioactives, and are therefore seen as a renewable and sustainable bioresource in the fields of biofuels, aquaculture and animal feeds, bioremediation of waste, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals and agriculture. Moreover, algae can adjust their metabolism according to surrounding growth conditions, and this metabolic flexibility can be exploited in industrial biotechnology with genetic and metabolic engineering, when compared to other photosynthetic organisms. The metabolome is the result of the combined effects of genetic and environmental influences on metabolic processes. Metabolomic studies can provide a global view of metabolism and thereby improve our understanding of the underlying biology. Advances in metabolomic technologies have shown utility for elucidating the mechanisms which underlie fundamental biological processes, including disease pathology. This book represents research papers based around metabolomics, to improve knowledge on the metabolome and metabolism in algae, with a focus on carbon and nitrogen resource allocation. It also describes many bioanalytical techniques and emphasizes their usefulness in microalgal biotechnology. Other aspects from an ecological, biotechnological and waste-water remediation perspective are also covered.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Ecological science, the Biosphere --- microalgae --- cell disruption --- ultraviolet light --- biodiesel --- Chlamydomonas reinhardtii --- Dunaliella salina --- Micractinium inermum --- metabolomics --- quenching --- gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) --- Arthrospira platensis C1 --- bioethanol --- cyanobacteria --- genome-scale metabolic model --- glycogen --- polar lipids --- Chlorella sp. --- LC-MS --- nutrient limitation --- genetic transformation --- carotenoid --- CRTI --- phytoene desaturase --- C. fritschii --- UV-B --- PAR --- time-series --- intracellular --- extracellular --- metabolites --- GC–MS --- algae --- copper --- FT-IR --- metabolite fingerprinting --- pathway analysis --- TEM --- synchronisation --- bioassay --- biomarker --- key event --- adverse outcome pathway --- Euglena --- central metabolic pathway --- subcellular location --- chromatic adaptation --- LED --- far-red light --- growth --- photosynthesis --- mass cultivation --- pigments --- Chlorogloeopsis

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Today, herbicide-resistant weeds dominate research and development efforts in the discipline of weed science. The incidence, management challenges, and cost of multiple herbicide-resistant weed populations are continually increasing worldwide. Crop varieties with multiple herbicide-resistance traits are being rapidly adopted by growers and land managers to keep ahead of the weed resistance tsunami. This Special Issue of Plants comprises papers that describe the current status and future outlook of herbicide resistance research and development in weedy and domestic plants, with topics covering the full spectrum from resistance mechanisms to resistance management. The unifying framework for this Special issue is the challenge posed to all of the contributing authors: What are the (potential) implications for herbicide resistance management?

best management practices --- crop competition --- herbicide resistance --- integrated weed management --- precision weed management --- site-specific weed management --- Citrus latifolia --- hairy beggarticks --- junglerice --- tropical sprangletop --- corn --- herbicide resistance trait --- maize --- soybean --- amino acid biosynthesis --- lipid biosynthesis --- mechanism of action --- plastoquinone biosynthesis --- pyrimidine biosynthesis --- target site --- weeds --- genomics --- plant genome assembly --- non-target site resistance --- population genomics --- genome scans --- population genetics --- non-target metabolomics --- GC-MS --- priming --- hormesis --- D1 protein --- acetolactate synthase --- tubulin --- ACCase --- EPSPS --- phytoene desaturase --- PPO --- glutamine synthetase --- auxin --- Non-target-site resistance --- herbicide mode of action --- co-existence --- environmental conditions --- resistance mutation --- fitness benefit --- fitness cost --- resistance management --- weed genomics --- herbicide resistance database --- herbicide resistance diagnostics --- precision herbicide resistance management --- functional genomics --- weed biology --- weed evolution --- integrated pest management --- sensitivity line --- ryegrass --- herbicide dose --- dose-response --- non-target-site resistance

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Carotenoids represent a large group of isoprenoid structures with many different structural characteristics and biological activities. They are the most important of the naturally occurring pigments and are responsible for the various colors of different fruits, vegetables, and plant parts. Marine carotenoids and their unique structures are responsible for the color of many fish, shellfish, and algae. However, while there have been many papers and reviews on carotenoids of terrestrial origin, there has been relatively little research conducted on the impact of marine carotenoids on human health. Recent research efforts have revealed that marine carotenoids have strong biological activity affecting human health and are candidates for nutraceuticals. This Topical Collection of Marine Drugs is dedicated to marine carotenoids, and will focus on the benefits of carotenoids for human beings. For a better understanding of the physiological effects of marine carotenoids, this collection should include the most recent developments in the presence, analysis, chemistry, and biochemistry of marine carotenoids.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- fucoxanthin --- scopolamine --- acetylcholinesterase --- Alzheimer’s disease --- cognitive impairments --- mytiloxanthin --- anti-oxidative activity --- singlet oxygen --- hydroxyl radical --- lipid peroxidation --- astaxanthin production --- carotenoids --- genome-reduced Corynebacterium glutamicum --- systematic approach --- metabolic engineering --- marine microalgae --- seaweeds --- nonconventional extraction --- electrotechnologies --- pulsed electric field-assisted extraction --- supercritical fluid extraction --- green processing --- microwave-assisted extraction --- marine drugs --- Bangia fuscopurpurea --- red algae --- lycopene cyclase --- carotenoid --- metabolism --- astaxanthin --- Escherichia coli --- β-carotene ketolase --- β-carotene hydroxylase --- Haematococcus pluvialis --- PII signaling protein --- nitrogen starvation --- gene cloning --- mRNA expression --- microalgae --- anti-angiogenic --- cardioprotective activity --- anti-cancer --- anti-diabetic --- anti-inflammatory --- anti-obesity --- anti-oxidant --- beauty --- Phaeodactylum tricornutum --- spectrophotometry --- high through-put screening --- antioxidants --- bioactive compounds --- blue biotechnology --- marine microorganisms --- ozonolysis --- apo-fucoxanthinone --- Caco-2 --- antiproliferative effect --- Pyropia yezoensis --- α-cryptoxanthin --- zeinoxanthin --- lutein-5,6-epoxide --- antheraxanthin --- carotenoid synthesis pathway --- red seaweed --- human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) --- astaxanthin (Asta) --- acrosome reaction --- cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) --- L1 protein --- cigarette smoke exposure --- p38 MAPK --- antioxidant inflammatory --- synaptic-associated plasticity --- comparative transcriptome analyses --- alcoholic liver disease --- bioinformatic analysis --- phytoene --- fluridone --- cosmeceuticals --- anti-obesity effect --- Phaeodactylum extract --- Coelastrum --- canthaxanthin --- lutein --- nanoemulsion --- sublingual delivery --- ascorbyl palmitate --- Franz cell --- alcoholic liver injury --- oxidative stress --- Nrf2 --- TLR4 --- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease --- nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 --- heme oxygenase-1 --- siphonaxanthin --- dehydro-metabolite --- white adipose tissue --- metabolic pathway in vivo --- stereochemistry --- Tigriopus --- copepod --- meso-zeaxanthin --- zeaxanthin --- reactive oxygen species --- immune system --- antioxidant --- antibiotics --- thermal stress --- disease --- halocynthiaxanthin --- intestinal absorption --- functional food --- apoptosis --- inflammation --- lipid metabolism --- high-fat diet

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Carotenoids represent a large group of isoprenoid structures with many different structural characteristics and biological activities. They are the most important of the naturally occurring pigments and are responsible for the various colors of different fruits, vegetables, and plant parts. Marine carotenoids and their unique structures are responsible for the color of many fish, shellfish, and algae. However, while there have been many papers and reviews on carotenoids of terrestrial origin, there has been relatively little research conducted on the impact of marine carotenoids on human health. Recent research efforts have revealed that marine carotenoids have strong biological activity affecting human health and are candidates for nutraceuticals. This Topical Collection of Marine Drugs is dedicated to marine carotenoids, and will focus on the benefits of carotenoids for human beings. For a better understanding of the physiological effects of marine carotenoids, this collection should include the most recent developments in the presence, analysis, chemistry, and biochemistry of marine carotenoids.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- fucoxanthin --- scopolamine --- acetylcholinesterase --- Alzheimer’s disease --- cognitive impairments --- mytiloxanthin --- anti-oxidative activity --- singlet oxygen --- hydroxyl radical --- lipid peroxidation --- astaxanthin production --- carotenoids --- genome-reduced Corynebacterium glutamicum --- systematic approach --- metabolic engineering --- marine microalgae --- seaweeds --- nonconventional extraction --- electrotechnologies --- pulsed electric field-assisted extraction --- supercritical fluid extraction --- green processing --- microwave-assisted extraction --- marine drugs --- Bangia fuscopurpurea --- red algae --- lycopene cyclase --- carotenoid --- metabolism --- astaxanthin --- Escherichia coli --- β-carotene ketolase --- β-carotene hydroxylase --- Haematococcus pluvialis --- PII signaling protein --- nitrogen starvation --- gene cloning --- mRNA expression --- microalgae --- anti-angiogenic --- cardioprotective activity --- anti-cancer --- anti-diabetic --- anti-inflammatory --- anti-obesity --- anti-oxidant --- beauty --- Phaeodactylum tricornutum --- spectrophotometry --- high through-put screening --- antioxidants --- bioactive compounds --- blue biotechnology --- marine microorganisms --- ozonolysis --- apo-fucoxanthinone --- Caco-2 --- antiproliferative effect --- Pyropia yezoensis --- α-cryptoxanthin --- zeinoxanthin --- lutein-5,6-epoxide --- antheraxanthin --- carotenoid synthesis pathway --- red seaweed --- human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) --- astaxanthin (Asta) --- acrosome reaction --- cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) --- L1 protein --- cigarette smoke exposure --- p38 MAPK --- antioxidant inflammatory --- synaptic-associated plasticity --- comparative transcriptome analyses --- alcoholic liver disease --- bioinformatic analysis --- phytoene --- fluridone --- cosmeceuticals --- anti-obesity effect --- Phaeodactylum extract --- Coelastrum --- canthaxanthin --- lutein --- nanoemulsion --- sublingual delivery --- ascorbyl palmitate --- Franz cell --- alcoholic liver injury --- oxidative stress --- Nrf2 --- TLR4 --- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease --- nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 --- heme oxygenase-1 --- siphonaxanthin --- dehydro-metabolite --- white adipose tissue --- metabolic pathway in vivo --- stereochemistry --- Tigriopus --- copepod --- meso-zeaxanthin --- zeaxanthin --- reactive oxygen species --- immune system --- antioxidant --- antibiotics --- thermal stress --- disease --- halocynthiaxanthin --- intestinal absorption --- functional food --- apoptosis --- inflammation --- lipid metabolism --- high-fat diet