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In the two last decades, proteases have constituted one of the primary and important targets in drug discovery. The U.S. FDA has approved more than 12 protease therapies in the last 10 years, and a number of next-generation or completely new proteases are under clinical development. Protease inhibition strategies are one of the fastest expanding areas in the field of of drugs that show considerable promise. This Special Issue will focus on the recent advances in the discovery and development of protease inhibitors, covering the synthesis of protease inhibitors, the design of new chemical entities acting as inhibitors of special/particular types of proteases, and their mode of actions (Frolova et al. 2020; Slapak et al. 2020; Künnapuu et al. 2021). In addition, the new applications of these interesting compounds/biomolecules and their limitations have been discussed and described (Wang et al. 2020; Bartošová-Sojková et al. 2021).

Research & information: general --- MMP --- MMP2 --- MMP9 --- MMP7 --- MMP14 --- matrix metalloproteases --- PDAC --- pancreatic cancer --- Bowman–Birk inhibitor --- ranacyclin --- trypsin inhibitor --- structure–activity relationship --- synergistic effect --- Gentamicin --- matrix metalloproteinase --- extracellular matrix --- nuclei --- cancer --- apoptosis --- immune response --- cysteine protease inhibitor --- stefin --- signal peptide --- parasite --- phylogenetic analysis --- diversification --- protein structure --- vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) --- VEGF-A --- PlGF --- VEGF-B --- VEGF-C --- VEGF-D --- angiogenesis --- lymphangiogenesis --- CCBE1 --- proteases --- ADAMTS3 --- plasmin --- cathepsin D --- KLK3 --- prostate-specific antigen (PSA) --- thrombin --- wound healing --- metastasis --- proteolytic activation --- vascular biology --- lymphedema

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In the two last decades, proteases have constituted one of the primary and important targets in drug discovery. The U.S. FDA has approved more than 12 protease therapies in the last 10 years, and a number of next-generation or completely new proteases are under clinical development. Protease inhibition strategies are one of the fastest expanding areas in the field of of drugs that show considerable promise. This Special Issue will focus on the recent advances in the discovery and development of protease inhibitors, covering the synthesis of protease inhibitors, the design of new chemical entities acting as inhibitors of special/particular types of proteases, and their mode of actions (Frolova et al. 2020; Slapak et al. 2020; Künnapuu et al. 2021). In addition, the new applications of these interesting compounds/biomolecules and their limitations have been discussed and described (Wang et al. 2020; Bartošová-Sojková et al. 2021).

Research & information: general --- MMP --- MMP2 --- MMP9 --- MMP7 --- MMP14 --- matrix metalloproteases --- PDAC --- pancreatic cancer --- Bowman–Birk inhibitor --- ranacyclin --- trypsin inhibitor --- structure–activity relationship --- synergistic effect --- Gentamicin --- matrix metalloproteinase --- extracellular matrix --- nuclei --- cancer --- apoptosis --- immune response --- cysteine protease inhibitor --- stefin --- signal peptide --- parasite --- phylogenetic analysis --- diversification --- protein structure --- vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) --- VEGF-A --- PlGF --- VEGF-B --- VEGF-C --- VEGF-D --- angiogenesis --- lymphangiogenesis --- CCBE1 --- proteases --- ADAMTS3 --- plasmin --- cathepsin D --- KLK3 --- prostate-specific antigen (PSA) --- thrombin --- wound healing --- metastasis --- proteolytic activation --- vascular biology --- lymphedema

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A trillion different microbial species have been evolving for some 3.5 billion years, producing ever more complex active secondary metabolites. The sea is a cauldron of a great diversity of useful and valuable compounds. This Special Issue focused on studies of marine microbe natural products for discovering compounds useful to humankind. Papers were collected that provide up-to-date information regarding the characterization of marine microbes’ metabolic diversity and the evaluation of the therapeutic potential of marine microbes’ metabolites. Most of the articles in this book deal with marine fungi, biological and chemical diversity, and their active metabolites. This may be a sign that marine fungi have been under studied to date and are perceived by many researchers as an important source of discovery in this field. A best practices guide for the isolation of marine fungi from different matrixes and their conservation is also presented. The comparison of the phylogenetic and metabolomic profiles of microalgae from different lineages provides novel insights into the potential of chemotaxonomy in marine phytoplankton, showing a good overlap of phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic signals.

thiodiketopiperazines --- Geosmithia pallida --- deep-sea-derived fungus --- antioxidant --- biological control --- ecological role --- gentisyl alcohol --- multi-gene phylogeny --- tyrosinase inhibition --- marine fungi --- isolation --- culturing --- identification --- natural products --- secondary metabolites --- isocoumarin --- tryptamine --- Botryosphaeria ramose --- antifungal activity --- carotenoids --- optimization --- red yeast --- Rhodotorula sp. --- marine-derived Aspergillus fumigatus --- spiro-heterocyclic γ-lactam --- cephalimysins --- ophiobolins --- marine fungus --- Aspergillus flocculosus --- anti-proliferation --- biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) --- indole-diketopiperazine --- Penicillium brasilianum --- cytotoxicities --- fungal community --- phylogenetic analysis --- saltwork --- tidal flat --- chemotaxonomy --- phylogeny --- mamiellales --- galactolipids --- betaine lipids --- xanthophylls --- n/a

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A trillion different microbial species have been evolving for some 3.5 billion years, producing ever more complex active secondary metabolites. The sea is a cauldron of a great diversity of useful and valuable compounds. This Special Issue focused on studies of marine microbe natural products for discovering compounds useful to humankind. Papers were collected that provide up-to-date information regarding the characterization of marine microbes’ metabolic diversity and the evaluation of the therapeutic potential of marine microbes’ metabolites. Most of the articles in this book deal with marine fungi, biological and chemical diversity, and their active metabolites. This may be a sign that marine fungi have been under studied to date and are perceived by many researchers as an important source of discovery in this field. A best practices guide for the isolation of marine fungi from different matrixes and their conservation is also presented. The comparison of the phylogenetic and metabolomic profiles of microalgae from different lineages provides novel insights into the potential of chemotaxonomy in marine phytoplankton, showing a good overlap of phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic signals.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- thiodiketopiperazines --- Geosmithia pallida --- deep-sea-derived fungus --- antioxidant --- biological control --- ecological role --- gentisyl alcohol --- multi-gene phylogeny --- tyrosinase inhibition --- marine fungi --- isolation --- culturing --- identification --- natural products --- secondary metabolites --- isocoumarin --- tryptamine --- Botryosphaeria ramose --- antifungal activity --- carotenoids --- optimization --- red yeast --- Rhodotorula sp. --- marine-derived Aspergillus fumigatus --- spiro-heterocyclic γ-lactam --- cephalimysins --- ophiobolins --- marine fungus --- Aspergillus flocculosus --- anti-proliferation --- biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) --- indole-diketopiperazine --- Penicillium brasilianum --- cytotoxicities --- fungal community --- phylogenetic analysis --- saltwork --- tidal flat --- chemotaxonomy --- phylogeny --- mamiellales --- galactolipids --- betaine lipids --- xanthophylls --- n/a

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Mathematical and computational modeling approaches in biological and medical research are experiencing rapid growth globally. This Special Issue Book intends to scratch the surface of this exciting phenomenon. The subject areas covered involve general mathematical methods and their applications in biology and medicine, with an emphasis on work related to mathematical and computational modeling of the complex dynamics observed in biological and medical research. Fourteen rigorously reviewed papers were included in this Special Issue. These papers cover several timely topics relating to classical population biology, fundamental biology, and modern medicine. While the authors of these papers dealt with very different modeling questions, they were all motivated by specific applications in biology and medicine and employed innovative mathematical and computational methods to study the complex dynamics of their models. We hope that these papers detail case studies that will inspire many additional mathematical modeling efforts in biology and medicine

predator-prey model --- n/a --- uncertainty quantification --- identification of DNA-binding proteins --- chemostat --- numerical characterization --- differential equations --- uniform persistence --- spotting --- 2-combination --- wildfire --- chronic myeloid leukemia --- combination therapy --- liquid-solid-porous media seepage coupling --- dynamic model --- obesity --- epidermis --- articular cartilage --- androgen deprivation therapy --- quorum sensing --- mechano-electrochemical model --- bifurcations --- bacterial competition --- global stability --- cartilage degeneration --- flocculation --- dynamical system --- transport equations --- bootstrapping --- stationary distribution --- algae growth models --- hemodynamic model --- delay --- Raphidocelis subcapitata --- cartilage loading --- Daphnia magna --- cell-based vector --- switched harvest --- hepatitis B --- rich dynamics --- spotting distribution --- asymptotic theory --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- phylogenetic analysis --- immune response --- microcirculation load --- graphical representation --- intraguild predation --- numerical simulation --- bacterial inflammation --- data fitting --- immunomodulatory therapies --- drug therapy --- delay differential equations (DDE) --- global asymptotic stability --- model comparison tests --- optimal control --- generalized pseudo amino acid composition --- random perturbations --- limit cycle --- prostate cancer --- mathematical model --- mathematical modeling --- persistence --- equilibrium points