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This book explores the enabling technology in optical fiber communications. It focuses on the state-of-the-art advances from fundamental theories, devices, and subsystems to networking applications as well as future perspectives of optical fiber communications. The topics cover include integrated photonics, fiber optics, fiber and free-space optical communications, and optical networking.

spectral shaping --- photonic crystal fiber cascade --- zero-dispersion frequencies spacing --- supercontinuum generation --- virtual network embedding --- converged optical networks --- network slicing --- machine learning --- software-defined network --- optical waveguide --- silicon photonics --- silicon nitride --- optical polarization --- bipolar --- optical code division multiple access --- electro-optical modulator --- free-space optics communication --- FiWi access network --- energy efficiency --- power over fiber --- TWDM-PON --- delay analysis --- frequency modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) --- light detection and ranging (LiDAR) --- instantaneous frequency --- coherent optical spectrum analyzer (COSA) --- time-frequency curve --- microstructured optical fiber --- optical fiber sensors --- refractive index sensor --- surface plasmon resonance --- optical fiber communication --- electrical dispersion compensation --- multi-channel digital backpropagation --- equalization-enhanced phase noise --- achievable information rates --- elastic optical network --- invalid spectrum rate --- advanced reservation --- defragmentation --- blocking probability --- spectrum alignment rate --- VCSEL --- neural network-based equalization --- Volterra series-based equalization --- lanthanum-aluminum silicate glass --- polarization-maintaining fiber --- fiber Bragg grating --- Sagnac interferometer --- fluorinated polyimide film --- humidity hysteresis --- optical frequency domain reflectometry --- position deviation compensation --- sub-millimeter spatial resolution --- analysis --- FPGA --- GPON --- MongoDB --- storing --- fiber optics communications --- optical security and encryption --- phase fluctuations --- Elastic Optical Network --- space division multiplexing --- routing --- coherent optical communication --- offset-quadrature amplitude modulation-based filter-bank multicarrier (FBMC/OQAM) --- blind phase noise compensation --- inter-carrier-interference (ICI) --- discrete cosine transform (DCT) --- Brillouin --- ultrafast --- distributed sensing --- pump pulse array --- resolution enhancement --- SNR --- n/a

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This Special Issue focuses on the state-of-the-art results from the definition and design of filters for low- and high-frequency applications and systems. Different technologies and solutions are commonly adopted for filter definition, from electrical to electromechanical and mechanical solutions, from passive to active devices, and from hybrid to integrated designs. Aspects related to both theoretical and experimental research in filter design, CAD modeling and novel technologies and applications, as well as filter fabrication, characterization and testing, are covered. The proposed research articles deal with different topics as follows: Modeling, design and simulation of filters; Processes and fabrication technologies for filters; Automated characterization and test of filters; Voltage and current mode filters; Integrated and discrete filters; Passive and active filters; Variable filters, characterization and tunability.

History of engineering & technology --- analogue-to-digital conversion --- ATHOS soft X-ray beamline --- broadband noise --- Hall probe --- offset fluctuation and drift --- three-axis teslameter --- undulator --- power line communication (PLC) --- conducted disturbances --- anti-interference filter --- smart home --- low-pass filter (LPF) --- stepped impedance resonator (SIR) --- hairpin resonator --- internal coupling --- defected ground structure (DGS) --- current mode --- universal filter --- VCII --- voltage conveyor --- SIMO filter --- microwave dielectric ceramics --- filter --- additive manufacturing --- digital light processing --- post annealing --- dielectric properties --- wideband --- bandpass filter --- quarter wavelength --- stepped-impedance resonator (SIR) --- ultra-wideband --- stub-loaded --- stepped impedance resonator --- active filters --- anti-aliasing filters --- HBT --- inductorless --- low-pass filters --- SiGe --- switched-capacitor filters --- low-voltage --- finFET --- operational amplifier --- voltage-controlled oscillator --- unity-gain bandwidth --- varactor --- total harmonic distortion --- phase noise --- active inductor --- MMIC --- tunable filters

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This Special Issue focuses on the state-of-the-art results from the definition and design of filters for low- and high-frequency applications and systems. Different technologies and solutions are commonly adopted for filter definition, from electrical to electromechanical and mechanical solutions, from passive to active devices, and from hybrid to integrated designs. Aspects related to both theoretical and experimental research in filter design, CAD modeling and novel technologies and applications, as well as filter fabrication, characterization and testing, are covered. The proposed research articles deal with different topics as follows: Modeling, design and simulation of filters; Processes and fabrication technologies for filters; Automated characterization and test of filters; Voltage and current mode filters; Integrated and discrete filters; Passive and active filters; Variable filters, characterization and tunability.

analogue-to-digital conversion --- ATHOS soft X-ray beamline --- broadband noise --- Hall probe --- offset fluctuation and drift --- three-axis teslameter --- undulator --- power line communication (PLC) --- conducted disturbances --- anti-interference filter --- smart home --- low-pass filter (LPF) --- stepped impedance resonator (SIR) --- hairpin resonator --- internal coupling --- defected ground structure (DGS) --- current mode --- universal filter --- VCII --- voltage conveyor --- SIMO filter --- microwave dielectric ceramics --- filter --- additive manufacturing --- digital light processing --- post annealing --- dielectric properties --- wideband --- bandpass filter --- quarter wavelength --- stepped-impedance resonator (SIR) --- ultra-wideband --- stub-loaded --- stepped impedance resonator --- active filters --- anti-aliasing filters --- HBT --- inductorless --- low-pass filters --- SiGe --- switched-capacitor filters --- low-voltage --- finFET --- operational amplifier --- voltage-controlled oscillator --- unity-gain bandwidth --- varactor --- total harmonic distortion --- phase noise --- active inductor --- MMIC --- tunable filters

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In the field of magnetic sensing, a wide variety of different magnetometer and gradiometer sensor types, as well as the corresponding read-out concepts, are available. Well-established sensor concepts such as Hall sensors and magnetoresistive sensors based on giant magnetoresistances (and many more) have been researched for decades. The development of these types of sensors has reached maturity in many aspects (e.g., performance metrics, reliability, and physical understanding), and these types of sensors are established in a large variety of industrial applications. Magnetic sensors based on the magnetoelectric effect are a relatively new type of magnetic sensor. The potential of magnetoelectric sensors has not yet been fully investigated. Especially in biomedical applications, magnetoelectric sensors show several advantages compared to other concepts for their ability, for example, to operate in magnetically unshielded environments and the absence of required cooling or heating systems. In recent years, research has focused on understanding the different aspects influencing the performance of magnetoelectric sensors. At Kiel University, Germany, the Collaborative Research Center 1261 “Magnetoelectric Sensors: From Composite Materials to Biomagnetic Diagnostics”, funded by the German Research Foundation, has dedicated its work to establishing a fundamental understanding of magnetoelectric sensors and their performance parameters, pushing the performance of magnetoelectric sensors to the limits and establishing full magnetoelectric sensor systems in biological and clinical practice.

delta-E effect --- magnetoelectric --- magnetoelastic --- resonator --- torsion mode --- bending mode --- magnetic modeling --- MEMS --- FEM --- magnetoelectric sensor --- SQUID --- MEG --- deep brain stimulation (DBS) --- directional DBS electrode --- magnetic field measurement --- electrode localization --- rotational orientation detection --- Barkhausen noise --- delay line sensor --- Flicker noise --- Kerr microscopy --- magnetic domain networks --- magnetic field sensor --- magnetic noise --- magnetoelastic delta-E effect --- phase noise --- surface acoustic wave --- localization --- magnetoelectric sensors --- real time --- pose estimation --- magnetoactive elastomer --- piezoelectric polymer --- laminated structure --- cantilever --- direct magnetoelectric effect --- public understanding/outreach --- ME sensors --- medical sensing --- biomagnetic sensing --- interdisciplinary/multidisciplinary --- magnetometer --- sensor array --- exchange bias --- motion tracking --- artificial fields --- surface acoustic waves --- surface acoustic wave sensor --- current sensor --- magnetostriction --- AlScN --- FeCoSiB --- thin film --- magnetron sputter deposition --- ERDA --- XRD --- film stress --- magnetic properties --- magnetic domains --- SAW --- magnetic nanoparticle --- imaging --- inverse problem --- blind deconvolution --- application specific signal evaluation --- quantitative sensor system characterization --- sensor system performance

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In the field of magnetic sensing, a wide variety of different magnetometer and gradiometer sensor types, as well as the corresponding read-out concepts, are available. Well-established sensor concepts such as Hall sensors and magnetoresistive sensors based on giant magnetoresistances (and many more) have been researched for decades. The development of these types of sensors has reached maturity in many aspects (e.g., performance metrics, reliability, and physical understanding), and these types of sensors are established in a large variety of industrial applications. Magnetic sensors based on the magnetoelectric effect are a relatively new type of magnetic sensor. The potential of magnetoelectric sensors has not yet been fully investigated. Especially in biomedical applications, magnetoelectric sensors show several advantages compared to other concepts for their ability, for example, to operate in magnetically unshielded environments and the absence of required cooling or heating systems. In recent years, research has focused on understanding the different aspects influencing the performance of magnetoelectric sensors. At Kiel University, Germany, the Collaborative Research Center 1261 “Magnetoelectric Sensors: From Composite Materials to Biomagnetic Diagnostics”, funded by the German Research Foundation, has dedicated its work to establishing a fundamental understanding of magnetoelectric sensors and their performance parameters, pushing the performance of magnetoelectric sensors to the limits and establishing full magnetoelectric sensor systems in biological and clinical practice.

Research & information: general --- Physics --- Electricity, electromagnetism & magnetism --- delta-E effect --- magnetoelectric --- magnetoelastic --- resonator --- torsion mode --- bending mode --- magnetic modeling --- MEMS --- FEM --- magnetoelectric sensor --- SQUID --- MEG --- deep brain stimulation (DBS) --- directional DBS electrode --- magnetic field measurement --- electrode localization --- rotational orientation detection --- Barkhausen noise --- delay line sensor --- Flicker noise --- Kerr microscopy --- magnetic domain networks --- magnetic field sensor --- magnetic noise --- magnetoelastic delta-E effect --- phase noise --- surface acoustic wave --- localization --- magnetoelectric sensors --- real time --- pose estimation --- magnetoactive elastomer --- piezoelectric polymer --- laminated structure --- cantilever --- direct magnetoelectric effect --- public understanding/outreach --- ME sensors --- medical sensing --- biomagnetic sensing --- interdisciplinary/multidisciplinary --- magnetometer --- sensor array --- exchange bias --- motion tracking --- artificial fields --- surface acoustic waves --- surface acoustic wave sensor --- current sensor --- magnetostriction --- AlScN --- FeCoSiB --- thin film --- magnetron sputter deposition --- ERDA --- XRD --- film stress --- magnetic properties --- magnetic domains --- SAW --- magnetic nanoparticle --- imaging --- inverse problem --- blind deconvolution --- application specific signal evaluation --- quantitative sensor system characterization --- sensor system performance