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This colligated Special Issue of Pharmaceutics on Precision Medicine: Applied Concepts of Pharmacogenomics in Patients with Various Diseases and Polypharmacy offers to the reader a series of articles that describe the concept of Precision Medicine, discuss its implementation process and limitations, demonstrate its value by illustrating some clinical cases, and open the door to new and more sophisticated techniques and applications.

fibromyalgia (FM) --- myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) --- microRNA --- miRNome --- pharmacogenomics --- pharmacoepigenomics --- SM2miR --- Pharmaco-miR --- repoDB --- ME/CFS Common Data Elements (CDEs) --- dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase --- DPYD --- 5-fluorouracil --- fluoropyrimidine --- therapeutic drug monitoring --- orthotopic liver transplant --- busulfan --- glutathione S-transferase --- genetic polymorphism --- limited sampling strategy --- pharmacokinetics --- clinical pharmacogenetics --- pharmacogenetic testing --- adverse drug reactions --- genotype --- phenotype --- pharmacogene --- barriers to pharmacogenetics implementation --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- chronic low back pain (cLBP) --- genetics --- personalized treatment --- polymorphism --- CYP450 --- tacrolimus --- CYP3A5 --- liver transplant --- pharmacogenomic --- minority --- data collection --- drug --- biomarker --- pharmacogenetics --- pharmacogenetic test --- personalized medicine --- gene expression --- infliximab --- adalimumab --- ulcerative colitis --- Crohn disease --- inflammatory bowel disease --- n/a

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Polypharmacy is a necessary and important aspect of drug treatment; however, it becomes a challenge when the medication risks outweigh the benefits for an individual patient. Drug–drug interactions and the introduction of prescribing cascades are common features of polypharmacy, which can lead to ineffectiveness and increased risk of adverse drug reactions (ADR). Genes encoding CYP450 isozymes and other drug-related biomarkers have attracted considerable attention as targets for pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing due to their impact on drug metabolism and response. This Special Issue is devoted to explore the status and initiatives taken to circumvent ineffectiveness and to improve medication safety for polypharmacy patients. Specific areas include drug–drug interactions and consequences thereof in therapeutic management, including PK- and PD-profiling; the application of PGx-based guidance and/or decision tools for drug–gene and drug–drug gene interactions; medication reviews; development and application of deprescribing tools; and drivers and barriers to overcome for successful implementation in the healthcare system.

Medicine --- Pharmaceutical industries --- acute kidney injury --- early biomarker --- plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin --- soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor --- medication optimization --- older patients --- emergency department --- multimorbidity --- polypharmacy --- potentially inappropriate medication use --- older adults --- prevalence --- determinants --- chronic --- outpatient --- 2019 Beers criteria --- Ethiopia --- pharmacogenomics --- persons with diabetes --- drug–drug interactions --- drug–gene interactions --- cytochrome P450 --- SLCO1B1 --- drug interaction checkers --- adverse drug reactions --- pharmacogenetics --- personalized medicine --- phenprocoumon --- DOACs --- bleeding --- thromboembolism --- HLA --- drug hypersensitivity --- abacavir --- allopurinol --- flucloxacillin --- antiepileptic drugs --- cost-effectiveness --- shared medication record --- medication reconciliation --- drug information service --- hospital pharmacy service --- electronic prescribing --- electronic medical record --- clinical pharmacist --- CYP2D6 --- CYP2D7P --- CYP2D8P --- copy number variation --- CNV --- genotyping --- 5’nuclease assay --- HRM --- high resolution melting --- drug metabolization --- extracellular vesicles --- exosomes --- microvesicles --- pharmacogene expression --- medication review --- deprescriptions --- quality of life --- aged --- aged, 80 and over --- nursing homes --- deprescribing --- medication-based risk score --- health outcomes --- cytochromes --- CYP1A2 --- adverse drug reaction --- antipsychotics --- olanzapine --- clozapine --- loxapine --- children --- youth --- digital decision-support --- health services research --- general practice --- process evaluation --- antidepressants --- utility --- population-based --- appropriateness --- medication adherence --- digital health --- acute kidney injury --- early biomarker --- plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin --- soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor --- medication optimization --- older patients --- emergency department --- multimorbidity --- polypharmacy --- potentially inappropriate medication use --- older adults --- prevalence --- determinants --- chronic --- outpatient --- 2019 Beers criteria --- Ethiopia --- pharmacogenomics --- persons with diabetes --- drug–drug interactions --- drug–gene interactions --- cytochrome P450 --- SLCO1B1 --- drug interaction checkers --- adverse drug reactions --- pharmacogenetics --- personalized medicine --- phenprocoumon --- DOACs --- bleeding --- thromboembolism --- HLA --- drug hypersensitivity --- abacavir --- allopurinol --- flucloxacillin --- antiepileptic drugs --- cost-effectiveness --- shared medication record --- medication reconciliation --- drug information service --- hospital pharmacy service --- electronic prescribing --- electronic medical record --- clinical pharmacist --- CYP2D6 --- CYP2D7P --- CYP2D8P --- copy number variation --- CNV --- genotyping --- 5’nuclease assay --- HRM --- high resolution melting --- drug metabolization --- extracellular vesicles --- exosomes --- microvesicles --- pharmacogene expression --- medication review --- deprescriptions --- quality of life --- aged --- aged, 80 and over --- nursing homes --- deprescribing --- medication-based risk score --- health outcomes --- cytochromes --- CYP1A2 --- adverse drug reaction --- antipsychotics --- olanzapine --- clozapine --- loxapine --- children --- youth --- digital decision-support --- health services research --- general practice --- process evaluation --- antidepressants --- utility --- population-based --- appropriateness --- medication adherence --- digital health

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Polypharmacy is a necessary and important aspect of drug treatment; however, it becomes a challenge when the medication risks outweigh the benefits for an individual patient. Drug–drug interactions and the introduction of prescribing cascades are common features of polypharmacy, which can lead to ineffectiveness and increased risk of adverse drug reactions (ADR). Genes encoding CYP450 isozymes and other drug-related biomarkers have attracted considerable attention as targets for pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing due to their impact on drug metabolism and response. This Special Issue is devoted to explore the status and initiatives taken to circumvent ineffectiveness and to improve medication safety for polypharmacy patients. Specific areas include drug–drug interactions and consequences thereof in therapeutic management, including PK- and PD-profiling; the application of PGx-based guidance and/or decision tools for drug–gene and drug–drug gene interactions; medication reviews; development and application of deprescribing tools; and drivers and barriers to overcome for successful implementation in the healthcare system.

acute kidney injury --- early biomarker --- plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin --- soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor --- medication optimization --- older patients --- emergency department --- multimorbidity --- polypharmacy --- potentially inappropriate medication use --- older adults --- prevalence --- determinants --- chronic --- outpatient --- 2019 Beers criteria --- Ethiopia --- pharmacogenomics --- persons with diabetes --- drug–drug interactions --- drug–gene interactions --- cytochrome P450 --- SLCO1B1 --- drug interaction checkers --- adverse drug reactions --- pharmacogenetics --- personalized medicine --- phenprocoumon --- DOACs --- bleeding --- thromboembolism --- HLA --- drug hypersensitivity --- abacavir --- allopurinol --- flucloxacillin --- antiepileptic drugs --- cost-effectiveness --- shared medication record --- medication reconciliation --- drug information service --- hospital pharmacy service --- electronic prescribing --- electronic medical record --- clinical pharmacist --- CYP2D6 --- CYP2D7P --- CYP2D8P --- copy number variation --- CNV --- genotyping --- 5’nuclease assay --- HRM --- high resolution melting --- drug metabolization --- extracellular vesicles --- exosomes --- microvesicles --- pharmacogene expression --- medication review --- deprescriptions --- quality of life --- aged --- aged, 80 and over --- nursing homes --- deprescribing --- medication-based risk score --- health outcomes --- cytochromes --- CYP1A2 --- adverse drug reaction --- antipsychotics --- olanzapine --- clozapine --- loxapine --- children --- youth --- digital decision-support --- health services research --- general practice --- process evaluation --- antidepressants --- utility --- population-based --- appropriateness --- medication adherence --- digital health