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This guide is intended as an aid for managers of sentinel plantings, botanical gardens or arboreta, as well as phytosanitary inspectors, who may have knowledge of common pests and diseases of woody plants, but may not know the likely cause of damage that they have not encountered before. It aims to provide a tentative identification of relatively broad groups of organisms and not definitive identification of the causal agents. Hence, the pictures in this guide need to be regarded as typical examples of the described symptoms. There are chapters that explain how to use the guide, followed by keys (for different organs of conifer and broadleaf species) to guide the user to the relevant sections of the book, based on the questions entomologists and pathologists ask themselves when looking at a damaged or diseased tree in a fashion similar to how a doctor interrogates a patient to arrive at a diagnosis. The largest part of the book is devoted to the description and illustration of damage types and typical causes of the observed damage. The last chapters provide instructions for taking and preserving samples for further identification by an expert, notification of relevant authorities, and a glossary.

Plant pathology & diseases --- Agricultural science --- pests --- injuries --- arthropods --- keys --- trees --- preservation --- sampling techniques --- plants --- woody plants --- plant diseases --- animals --- Pinopsida --- pest arthropods --- broadleaved trees --- eukaryotes --- guide books --- Pinophyta --- gymnosperms --- sampling --- broadleaves --- plant pests --- symptoms --- arthropod pests --- botanic gardens --- arboreta --- Spermatophyta --- botanical gardens --- invertebrates

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This review provides an overview of all documented releases of exotic (non-European) invertebrate biological control agents (IBCAs) into the environment in Europe and summarizes key information on the target species as well as on the biological control agent released. It is an update of A Review of Biological Control in Western and Southern Europe edited by Greathead (1976) and covers the period from 1897, when the beetle Rodolia cardinalis was introduced into Portugal against the invasive cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi, until the end of 2009. This review is based largely on the BIOCAT database (Greathead and Greathead 1992), which contains records of the introduction of insect natural enemies, namely parasitoids and predators, for the control of insect pests worldwide. This review may not provide the complete list of BC agents introduced into Europe. Nevertheless, the report includes a vast majority of the introductions, and hence provides a representative picture of the history of releases of exotic BC agents into the environment in Europe.

Pest control --- Insects (entomology) --- Agricultural science --- biological control agents --- invasives --- nonindigenous species --- Rodolia --- Coleoptera --- arthropods --- Portugal --- reviews --- exotic species --- cottony-cushion scale --- Icerya --- animals --- pest control --- insect pests --- Community of Portuguese Language Countries --- invasive organisms --- eukaryotes --- databases --- nonindigenous organisms --- Europe --- Rodolia cardinalis --- plant pests --- biocontrol agents --- biological control --- Coccoidea --- insects --- non-native species --- invasive alien species --- Coccinellidae --- insect control --- Southern Europe --- parasitoids --- Mediterranean Region --- pest insects --- non-indigenous species --- non-native organisms --- pests --- Icerya purchasi --- data banks --- OECD Countries --- biocontrol --- pest arthropods --- Hemiptera --- European Union Countries --- predators --- introduced organisms --- Monophlebidae --- invasive species --- natural enemies --- Developed Countries --- biological control organisms --- exotic organisms --- arthropod pests --- parasites --- Hexapoda --- invertebrates --- alien invasive species --- introduced species --- Sternorrhyncha --- non-indigenous organisms --- biological control agents --- invasives --- nonindigenous species --- Rodolia --- Coleoptera --- arthropods --- Portugal --- reviews --- exotic species --- cottony-cushion scale --- Icerya --- animals --- pest control --- insect pests --- Community of Portuguese Language Countries --- invasive organisms --- eukaryotes --- databases --- nonindigenous organisms --- Europe --- Rodolia cardinalis --- plant pests --- biocontrol agents --- biological control --- Coccoidea --- insects --- non-native species --- invasive alien species --- Coccinellidae --- insect control --- Southern Europe --- parasitoids --- Mediterranean Region --- pest insects --- non-indigenous species --- non-native organisms --- pests --- Icerya purchasi --- data banks --- OECD Countries --- biocontrol --- pest arthropods --- Hemiptera --- European Union Countries --- predators --- introduced organisms --- Monophlebidae --- invasive species --- natural enemies --- Developed Countries --- biological control organisms --- exotic organisms --- arthropod pests --- parasites --- Hexapoda --- invertebrates --- alien invasive species --- introduced species --- Sternorrhyncha --- non-indigenous organisms