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In classical approaches for the torque control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines the torque references are converted into current references by static lookup tables which consider power losses. This procedure is dynamically suboptimal, interdependent and strongly machine-dependent. This work addresses the question: How can a Model Predictive Controller be designed to simultaneously optimize the objectives torque reference tracking and power loss minimization?

Electrical engineering --- Modellprädiktive Regelung (MPR) --- Permanentmagneterregte Synchronmaschine (PSM) --- multikriterielle Optimierung --- lexikographische Optimierung --- Model Predictive Control (MPC) --- Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) --- Multi-Objective Optimization --- Lexicographic Optimization

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This Special Issue deals with improvements in the energy efficiency of electric devices, machines, and drives, which are achieved through improvements in the design, modelling, control, and operation of the system. Properly sized and placed coils of a welding transformer can reduce the required iron core size and improve the efficiency of the welding system operation. New structures of the single-phase field excited flux switching machine improve its performance in terms of torque, while having higher back-EMF and unbalanced electromagnetic forces. A properly designed rotor notch reduces the torque ripple and cogging torque of interior permanent magnet motors for the drive platform of electric vehicles, resulting in lower vibrations and noise. In the field of modelling, the torque estimation of a Halbach array surface permanent magnet motor with a non-overlapping winding layout was improved by introducing an analytical two-dimensional subdomain model. A general method for determining the magnetically nonlinear two-axis dynamic models of rotary and linear synchronous reluctance machines and synchronous permanent magnet machines is introduced that considers the effects of slotting, mutual interaction between the slots and permanent magnets, saturation, cross saturation, and end effects. Advanced modern control solutions, such as neural network-based model reference adaptive control, fuzzy control, senseless control, torque/speed tracking control derived from the 3D non-holonomic integrator, including drift terms, maximum torque per ampere, and maximum efficiency characteristics, are applied to improve drive performance and overall system operation.

History of engineering & technology --- interior permanent magnet synchronous motor --- torque ripple --- cogging torque --- electric vehicle --- notch --- mathematical model --- Halbach Array --- surface permanent magnet --- magnetic vector potential --- torque --- in-wheel electric vehicle --- independent 4-wheel drive --- torque distribution --- fuzzy control --- traction control --- active yawrate control --- energy efficiency --- industry --- water circuits --- OpenModelica --- optimisation --- induction motor --- speed estimation --- model reference adaptive system --- kalman filter --- luenberger observer --- flux switching machine --- modular rotor --- non-overlap winding --- magnetic flux analysis --- iron losses --- copper loss --- stress analysis --- finite element method --- magnetic loss --- maximum efficiency (ME) characteristic --- maximum torque per ampere (MTPA) characteristic --- modeling --- permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) --- sensorless control --- synchronous machines --- dynamic models --- nonlinear magnetics --- parameter estimation --- DC-DC converter --- resistance spot welding --- transformer --- efficiency --- dynamic power loss --- design --- induction machines --- nonlinear control --- torque/speed control

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Interest in permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) is continuously increasing worldwide, especially with the increased use of renewable energy and the electrification of transports. This book contains the successful submissions of fifteen papers to a Special Issue of Energies on the subject area of “Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines”. The focus is on permanent magnet synchronous machines and the electrical systems they are connected to. The presented work represents a wide range of areas. Studies of control systems, both for permanent magnet synchronous machines and for brushless DC motors, are presented and experimentally verified. Design studies of generators for wind power, wave power and hydro power are presented. Finite element method simulations and analytical design methods are used. The presented studies represent several of the different research fields on permanent magnet machines and electric drives.

MPC --- predictive current control (PCC) --- fault diagnosis --- modeling --- back electromotive force --- finite-element analysis --- sensorless control --- brushless dc motor --- flying start --- periodic timer interrupt --- digital simulation --- torque control --- saturation --- renewable energy --- finite element method --- sensorless motor --- electric propulsion systems --- electric vehicle --- energy efficiency --- sub-fractional slot-concentrated winding --- stability --- design tools --- brushless machine --- permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) --- electrical signature analysis --- Vernier machine --- multiphase machine --- interior permanent magnet synchronous machines --- automotive applications --- pulse width modulation --- current ripples --- PMSM --- wave power --- outer rotor --- electric vehicle (EV) --- power control --- condition monitoring --- energy conversion --- sliding mode observer (SMO) --- field weakening --- small wind turbines --- interior permanent-magnet machines --- permanent-magnet machine --- free-wheeling period --- brushless DC (BLDC) motor --- speed tracking --- current spikes --- flux switching machine --- Brushless DC motors --- magnetic reluctance network --- winding inductance --- parameter perturbation --- DB-DTFC (deadbeat-direct torque and flux control) --- R-C filter --- phase-advanced method --- motor drives --- PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor) --- coils --- predictive maintenance --- cogging torque --- finite element analysis --- permanent magnet material --- vector control --- linear generator --- commutation error compensation --- electrical machine design --- permanent magnet synchronous generator --- wind generator --- mathematical model --- permanent magnet synchronous motor --- hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) --- stator --- bulk electric system --- permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) --- synchronous generator

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Electrical machines are one of the most important components of the industrial world. They are at the heart of the new industrial revolution, brought forth by the development of electromobility and renewable energy systems. Electric motors must meet the most stringent requirements of reliability, availability, and high efficiency in order, among other things, to match the useful lifetime of power electronics in complex system applications and compete in the market under ever-increasing pressure to deliver the highest performance criteria. Today, thanks to the application of highly efficient numerical algorithms running on high-performance computers, it is possible to design electric machines and very complex drive systems faster and at a lower cost. At the same time, progress in the field of material science and technology enables the development of increasingly complex motor designs and topologies. The purpose of this Special Issue is to contribute to this development of electric machines. The publication of this collection of scientific articles, dedicated to the topic of electric machine design and application, contributes to the dissemination of the above information among professionals dealing with electrical machines.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- electric AWD tractor --- SOC level --- simulation model --- load measurement system --- driving test --- brushless direct current motor with permanent magnet (BLDCM) --- winding configurations --- star --- delta --- star-delta --- fault states --- open circuit (OC) --- FFT --- neutral-point voltage --- electrical machine --- hydro generator --- faulty synchronization --- finite element method --- field-circuit modeling --- permanent magnet machines --- hybrid excitation --- electric vehicles --- wind power generator --- finite element methods --- variable speed machines --- synchronous generator --- permanent magnets --- demagnetization --- motor control --- switched reluctance motor --- MATLAB --- simulation --- wheel hub motor --- electric drive --- permanent magnet synchronous motor --- electrical machines --- thermal modeling --- preformed coils --- insulation systems --- pre-shaped conductor --- system model --- structural dynamics --- multibody simulation --- transient electrical machine model --- permanent magnet synchronous machine --- induction machine --- dynamic gear forces --- planetary gear --- synchronous condenser --- different materials --- magnetic flux leakage in the end --- eddy current loss --- fluid-solid coupling --- finite element analysis (FEA) --- interior PM synchronous motor --- surface PM synchronous motor --- traction applications --- finite element analysis --- flux switching machine --- flux bridge --- magnetic flux leakage --- variable flux machine --- axial flux generator --- spatial harmonic interaction --- harmonic balance method --- turbo-generator --- eddy current losses --- data driven --- support vector regression --- multi-layer perceptron --- vane pump --- electric motor --- integrated motor-pump assembly (IMPA) --- balanced vane pump --- fluid power drives --- brushless DC electric motor --- permanent magnet machine --- measurements --- high-speed motor --- electromagnetic analysis --- mechanical analysis --- thermal analysis --- electromechanical convertor --- drive system component --- electromagnetic calculation --- MR fluids --- MR multi-disc clutch --- clutch design --- electric train --- hybrid excited linear flux switching machine --- rope-less elevator --- electric AWD tractor --- SOC level --- simulation model --- load measurement system --- driving test --- brushless direct current motor with permanent magnet (BLDCM) --- winding configurations --- star --- delta --- star-delta --- fault states --- open circuit (OC) --- FFT --- neutral-point voltage --- electrical machine --- hydro generator --- faulty synchronization --- finite element method --- field-circuit modeling --- permanent magnet machines --- hybrid excitation --- electric vehicles --- wind power generator --- finite element methods --- variable speed machines --- synchronous generator --- permanent magnets --- demagnetization --- motor control --- switched reluctance motor --- MATLAB --- simulation --- wheel hub motor --- electric drive --- permanent magnet synchronous motor --- electrical machines --- thermal modeling --- preformed coils --- insulation systems --- pre-shaped conductor --- system model --- structural dynamics --- multibody simulation --- transient electrical machine model --- permanent magnet synchronous machine --- induction machine --- dynamic gear forces --- planetary gear --- synchronous condenser --- different materials --- magnetic flux leakage in the end --- eddy current loss --- fluid-solid coupling --- finite element analysis (FEA) --- interior PM synchronous motor --- surface PM synchronous motor --- traction applications --- finite element analysis --- flux switching machine --- flux bridge --- magnetic flux leakage --- variable flux machine --- axial flux generator --- spatial harmonic interaction --- harmonic balance method --- turbo-generator --- eddy current losses --- data driven --- support vector regression --- multi-layer perceptron --- vane pump --- electric motor --- integrated motor-pump assembly (IMPA) --- balanced vane pump --- fluid power drives --- brushless DC electric motor --- permanent magnet machine --- measurements --- high-speed motor --- electromagnetic analysis --- mechanical analysis --- thermal analysis --- electromechanical convertor --- drive system component --- electromagnetic calculation --- MR fluids --- MR multi-disc clutch --- clutch design --- electric train --- hybrid excited linear flux switching machine --- rope-less elevator

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Power electronics technology is still an emerging technology, and it has found its way into many applications, from renewable energy generation (i.e., wind power and solar power) to electrical vehicles (EVs), biomedical devices, and small appliances, such as laptop chargers. In the near future, electrical energy will be provided and handled by power electronics and consumed through power electronics; this not only will intensify the role of power electronics technology in power conversion processes, but also implies that power systems are undergoing a paradigm shift, from centralized distribution to distributed generation. Today, more than 1000 GW of renewable energy generation sources (photovoltaic (PV) and wind) have been installed, all of which are handled by power electronics technology. The main aim of this book is to highlight and address recent breakthroughs in the range of emerging applications in power electronics and in harmonic and electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues at device and system levels as discussed in ?robust and reliable power electronics technologies, including fault prognosis and diagnosis technique stability of grid-connected converters and ?smart control of power electronics in devices, microgrids, and at system levels.

Q-factor --- lithium-ion power battery pack --- electromagnetic field (EMF) --- expert systems --- total harmonic distortion (THD) --- current-fed inverter --- rotor design --- class-D amplifier --- LCL-S topology --- current switching ripple --- system in package --- energy storage modelling --- smart micro-grid --- embedded systems --- equivalent inductance --- SHIL --- permanent magnet --- static var generator (SVG) --- permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) --- control strategy and algorithm --- digital control --- zero-voltage switching (ZVS) --- SOC estimator --- electric power --- optimal design --- electromagnetic field interference (EMI) --- line frequency instability --- analog phase control --- five-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine --- distribution generation --- leakage inductance --- adjacent two-phase open circuit fault (A2-Ph) --- chaotic PWM --- electric vehicles --- CMOS chaotic circuit --- series active filter --- cascaded topology --- total demand distortion --- efficiency motor --- triangular ramp generator --- 4T analog MOS control --- inductive coupling --- induction machines --- nanocrystalline core --- semi-active bridge --- multi-level control --- simulation models --- voltage source inverters (VSI) --- battery management system BMS --- voltage source converter --- current control loops --- droop control --- particle swarm optimization --- variable control gain --- state of charge SoC --- extended Kalman filter --- transient control --- multi-objective optimization --- composite equalizer --- converter --- DHIL --- five-leg voltage source inverter --- axial flux machines --- bifurcation --- active receivers --- field programmable gate array --- Nyquist stability analysis --- electric vehicle --- static compensator --- stability --- common-mode inductor --- DC–DC converters --- support vector machines --- electromagnetic compatibility --- real-time simulation --- passive equalization --- matrix converters --- wireless power transfer --- digital phase control --- compensation topology --- volt-per-hertz control (scalar control) --- switching losses --- voltage control --- hybrid converter --- bidirectional converter --- coupling factor --- selective harmonic elimination method --- power electronics --- soft switching --- optimization design --- multilevel inverter --- five-phase machine --- phase-shift control --- lithium-ion battery --- voltage boost --- VPI active damping control --- parameter identification --- electrical engineering communications --- current control --- DC–DC conversion --- battery management system --- GaN cascode --- single-switch --- high-frequency modeling --- synchronous motor --- power quality --- water purification --- power factor correction (PFC) --- composite active vectors modulation (CVM) --- digital signal controller --- line start --- power density --- hardware in loop --- n/a --- fault diagnosis --- multi-level converter (MLC) --- induction motor --- dual three-phase (DTP) permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) --- neural networks --- electromagnetic interference filter --- battery chargers --- power converter --- harmonics --- multiphase space vector modulation --- torque ripple --- power factor correction --- electrical drives --- modular multilevel converter (MMC) --- active power filter --- double layer capacitor (DLC) models --- PMSG --- response time --- resonator structure --- floating-point --- effect factors --- DC-link voltage control --- sliding mode control --- phasor model technique --- wireless power transfer (WPT) --- slim DC-link drive --- fault-tolerant control --- lithium-ion batteries --- DC-AC power converters --- conducting angle determination (CAD) techniques --- variable speed pumped storage system --- impedance-based model --- one cycle control --- renewable energy sources --- series-series compensation --- cogging torque --- active rectifiers --- three-level boost converter (TLBC) --- DC-link cascade H-bridge (DCLCHB) inverter --- battery energy storage systems --- filter --- power management system --- improved extended Kalman filter --- dead-time compensation --- disturbance observer --- reference phase calibration --- frequency locking --- space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) --- predictive controllers --- nine switch converter --- transmission line --- spread-spectrum technique --- energy storage --- electromagnetic interference --- renewable energy resources control --- harmonic linearization --- misalignment --- plug-in hybrid electric vehicles --- high level programing --- nearest level modulation (NLM) --- magnetic equivalent circuit --- EMI filter --- permanent-magnet machines --- real-time emulation --- switched capacitor --- back EMF --- fixed-point --- HF-link MPPT converter --- condition monitoring --- WPT standards --- switching frequency --- switching frequency modelling --- high frequency switching power supply --- field-programmable gate array --- three-phase bridgeless rectifier --- ice melting --- AC–DC power converters --- hybrid power filter --- PSpice --- microgrid control --- total harmonic distortion --- grid-connected inverter --- dynamic PV model --- fuzzy --- boost converter --- SiC PV Supply --- voltage doubling --- nonlinear control --- distributed control --- power system operation and control --- one phase open circuit fault (1-Ph) --- direct torque control (DTC) --- battery modeling --- non-linear phenomena --- frequency-domain analysis --- advanced controllers --- vector control --- fixed-frequency double integral sliding-mode (FFDISM) --- power converters --- modulation index --- DC-DC buck converter --- small signal stability analysis --- active equalization --- voltage source inverter --- hardware-in-the-loop --- current source --- synchronization --- grid-connected VSI --- synchronous generator --- fault tolerant control --- DC-DC converters --- DC-DC conversion --- AC-DC power converters