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Today, there is a great deal of attention focused on sustainable growth worldwide. The increase in efficiency in the use of energy may even, in this historical moment, bring greater benefit than the use of renewable energies. Electricity appears to be the most sustainable of energies and the most promising hope for a planet capable of growing without compromising its own health and that of its inhabitants. Power electronics and electrical drives are the key technologies that will allow energy savings through the reduction of energy losses in many applications. This Special Issue has collected several scientific contributions related to energy efficiency in electrical equipment. Some articles are dedicated to the use and optimization of permanent magnet motors, which allow obtaining the highest level of efficiency. Most of the contributions describe the energy improvements that can be achieved with power electronics and the use of suitable control techniques. Last but not least, some articles describe interesting solutions for hybrid vehicles, which were created mainly to save energy in the smartest way possible.

LLC resonant converter --- resonant transformer --- fringing effect --- adjustable magnetizing inductance --- efficiency --- optimal design --- oil pump --- brushless DC --- motor --- robust --- vehicles --- eddy current coupling --- hybrid excited --- magnetic equivalent circuit --- magnetic field analysis --- torque-slip characteristic --- switched inductor capacitor converter --- a power converter --- energy transfer media --- ripple voltage --- conduction loss --- Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) --- series architecture --- supercapacitor --- Energy Management System (EMS) --- storage sizing --- energy efficiency --- backlight --- DC-DC converter --- passive snubber --- voltage stress --- maximum-torque-per-ampere (MTPA) --- torque control --- per unit --- IPMSM --- SiC devices --- Si devices --- three level NPC inverter --- three level T-NPC inverter --- two level SiC MOSFET inverter --- overvoltages --- heat sink volume --- motor emulator --- power loss --- current tracking --- finite set model predictive control --- medium frequency transformer --- power electronic transformer --- Solid State Transformer (SST) --- railway electric traction --- Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) --- soft-switching --- DC–DC converter --- multi-input converter --- battery --- hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), efficiency --- permanent magnet motor --- synchronous motor --- brushless drive --- industrial application --- turbocompound --- turbocharger --- hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) --- fuel economy

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• Reference Manager
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Today, there is a great deal of attention focused on sustainable growth worldwide. The increase in efficiency in the use of energy may even, in this historical moment, bring greater benefit than the use of renewable energies. Electricity appears to be the most sustainable of energies and the most promising hope for a planet capable of growing without compromising its own health and that of its inhabitants. Power electronics and electrical drives are the key technologies that will allow energy savings through the reduction of energy losses in many applications. This Special Issue has collected several scientific contributions related to energy efficiency in electrical equipment. Some articles are dedicated to the use and optimization of permanent magnet motors, which allow obtaining the highest level of efficiency. Most of the contributions describe the energy improvements that can be achieved with power electronics and the use of suitable control techniques. Last but not least, some articles describe interesting solutions for hybrid vehicles, which were created mainly to save energy in the smartest way possible.

History of engineering & technology --- LLC resonant converter --- resonant transformer --- fringing effect --- adjustable magnetizing inductance --- efficiency --- optimal design --- oil pump --- brushless DC --- motor --- robust --- vehicles --- eddy current coupling --- hybrid excited --- magnetic equivalent circuit --- magnetic field analysis --- torque-slip characteristic --- switched inductor capacitor converter --- a power converter --- energy transfer media --- ripple voltage --- conduction loss --- Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) --- series architecture --- supercapacitor --- Energy Management System (EMS) --- storage sizing --- energy efficiency --- backlight --- DC-DC converter --- passive snubber --- voltage stress --- maximum-torque-per-ampere (MTPA) --- torque control --- per unit --- IPMSM --- SiC devices --- Si devices --- three level NPC inverter --- three level T-NPC inverter --- two level SiC MOSFET inverter --- overvoltages --- heat sink volume --- motor emulator --- power loss --- current tracking --- finite set model predictive control --- medium frequency transformer --- power electronic transformer --- Solid State Transformer (SST) --- railway electric traction --- Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) --- soft-switching --- DC–DC converter --- multi-input converter --- battery --- hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), efficiency --- permanent magnet motor --- synchronous motor --- brushless drive --- industrial application --- turbocompound --- turbocharger --- hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) --- fuel economy --- LLC resonant converter --- resonant transformer --- fringing effect --- adjustable magnetizing inductance --- efficiency --- optimal design --- oil pump --- brushless DC --- motor --- robust --- vehicles --- eddy current coupling --- hybrid excited --- magnetic equivalent circuit --- magnetic field analysis --- torque-slip characteristic --- switched inductor capacitor converter --- a power converter --- energy transfer media --- ripple voltage --- conduction loss --- Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) --- series architecture --- supercapacitor --- Energy Management System (EMS) --- storage sizing --- energy efficiency --- backlight --- DC-DC converter --- passive snubber --- voltage stress --- maximum-torque-per-ampere (MTPA) --- torque control --- per unit --- IPMSM --- SiC devices --- Si devices --- three level NPC inverter --- three level T-NPC inverter --- two level SiC MOSFET inverter --- overvoltages --- heat sink volume --- motor emulator --- power loss --- current tracking --- finite set model predictive control --- medium frequency transformer --- power electronic transformer --- Solid State Transformer (SST) --- railway electric traction --- Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) --- soft-switching --- DC–DC converter --- multi-input converter --- battery --- hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), efficiency --- permanent magnet motor --- synchronous motor --- brushless drive --- industrial application --- turbocompound --- turbocharger --- hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) --- fuel economy

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Optimal performance of the electric machine/drive system is mandatory to improve the energy consumption and reliability. To achieve this goal, mathematical models of the electric machine/drive system are necessary. Hence, this motivated the editors to instigate the Special Issue “Mathematical Approaches to Modeling, Optimally Designing, and Controlling Electric Machine”, aiming to collect novel publications that push the state-of-the art towards optimal performance for the electric machine/drive system. Seventeen papers have been published in this Special Issue. The published papers focus on several aspects of the electric machine/drive system with respect to the mathematical modelling. Novel optimization methods, control approaches, and comparative analysis for electric drive system based on various electric machines were discussed in the published papers.

Technology: general issues --- demagnetization --- electric machine --- flux reversal machine --- high-speed electrical machine --- high-speed electrical motor --- Nelder–Mead method --- optimal design --- switched reluctance motor --- direct instantaneous torque control --- numerical analysis --- optimization --- current angle --- design of electric motors --- flux-barriers --- synchronous reluctance motor --- torque ripple --- induction motor --- model predictive --- sensorless --- high performance --- switched reluctance machine --- NSGA-II optimization --- finite element analysis --- direct-drive --- electric machine analysis computing --- interior permanent magnet machine --- mathematical model --- optimal-design --- permanent magnet flux-switching machine --- wind generator --- doubly fed induction generator --- DC-link voltage regulation --- second-order sliding mode control --- extended state observer --- fuzzy gain scheduling --- advanced metaheuristics --- MO-Jaya optimization --- centrifugal pump --- energy efficiency --- parallel pumps --- throttling --- variable speed pump --- synchronous homopolar machine --- synchronous homopolar motor --- traction drives --- traction motor --- high-harmonic injection --- brushless field excitation --- wound field synchronous machines --- Axial flux permanent magnet machine --- 3D FEA --- Genetic algorithm --- hexagonal-shaped PMs --- PM overhang --- brushless topology --- third harmonic flux --- dc offset --- direct-on-line permanent magnet synchronous motor --- direct-on-line synchronous reluctance motor --- permanent magnet motor --- reactive power compensation --- carbon dioxide emissions --- climate change mitigation --- electric motors --- energy conversion --- energy efficiency class --- energy policy and regulation --- energy saving --- sustainable utilization of resources --- synchronous motor --- adaptive control --- MTPA control --- parameter variation --- constraints design --- mining dump truck --- traction drive --- demagnetization --- electric machine --- flux reversal machine --- high-speed electrical machine --- high-speed electrical motor --- Nelder–Mead method --- optimal design --- switched reluctance motor --- direct instantaneous torque control --- numerical analysis --- optimization --- current angle --- design of electric motors --- flux-barriers --- synchronous reluctance motor --- torque ripple --- induction motor --- model predictive --- sensorless --- high performance --- switched reluctance machine --- NSGA-II optimization --- finite element analysis --- direct-drive --- electric machine analysis computing --- interior permanent magnet machine --- mathematical model --- optimal-design --- permanent magnet flux-switching machine --- wind generator --- doubly fed induction generator --- DC-link voltage regulation --- second-order sliding mode control --- extended state observer --- fuzzy gain scheduling --- advanced metaheuristics --- MO-Jaya optimization --- centrifugal pump --- energy efficiency --- parallel pumps --- throttling --- variable speed pump --- synchronous homopolar machine --- synchronous homopolar motor --- traction drives --- traction motor --- high-harmonic injection --- brushless field excitation --- wound field synchronous machines --- Axial flux permanent magnet machine --- 3D FEA --- Genetic algorithm --- hexagonal-shaped PMs --- PM overhang --- brushless topology --- third harmonic flux --- dc offset --- direct-on-line permanent magnet synchronous motor --- direct-on-line synchronous reluctance motor --- permanent magnet motor --- reactive power compensation --- carbon dioxide emissions --- climate change mitigation --- electric motors --- energy conversion --- energy efficiency class --- energy policy and regulation --- energy saving --- sustainable utilization of resources --- synchronous motor --- adaptive control --- MTPA control --- parameter variation --- constraints design --- mining dump truck --- traction drive

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Today, there is a great deal of attention focused on sustainable growth worldwide. The increase in efficiency in the use of energy may even, in this historical moment, bring greater benefit than the use of renewable energies. Electricity appears to be the most sustainable of energies and the most promising hope for a planet capable of growing without compromising its own health and that of its inhabitants. Power electronics and electrical drives are the key technologies that will allow energy savings through the reduction of energy losses in many applications. This Special Issue has collected several scientific contributions related to energy efficiency in electrical equipment. Some articles are dedicated to the use and optimization of permanent magnet motors, which allow obtaining the highest level of efficiency. Most of the contributions describe the energy improvements that can be achieved with power electronics and the use of suitable control techniques. Last but not least, some articles describe interesting solutions for hybrid vehicles, which were created mainly to save energy in the smartest way possible.

History of engineering & technology --- LLC resonant converter --- resonant transformer --- fringing effect --- adjustable magnetizing inductance --- efficiency --- optimal design --- oil pump --- brushless DC --- motor --- robust --- vehicles --- eddy current coupling --- hybrid excited --- magnetic equivalent circuit --- magnetic field analysis --- torque-slip characteristic --- switched inductor capacitor converter --- a power converter --- energy transfer media --- ripple voltage --- conduction loss --- Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) --- series architecture --- supercapacitor --- Energy Management System (EMS) --- storage sizing --- energy efficiency --- backlight --- DC-DC converter --- passive snubber --- voltage stress --- maximum-torque-per-ampere (MTPA) --- torque control --- per unit --- IPMSM --- SiC devices --- Si devices --- three level NPC inverter --- three level T-NPC inverter --- two level SiC MOSFET inverter --- overvoltages --- heat sink volume --- motor emulator --- power loss --- current tracking --- finite set model predictive control --- medium frequency transformer --- power electronic transformer --- Solid State Transformer (SST) --- railway electric traction --- Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) --- soft-switching --- DC–DC converter --- multi-input converter --- battery --- hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), efficiency --- permanent magnet motor --- synchronous motor --- brushless drive --- industrial application --- turbocompound --- turbocharger --- hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) --- fuel economy

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The editors of this Special Issue titled “Intelligent Control in Energy Systems” have attempted to create a book containing original technical articles addressing various elements of intelligent control in energy systems. In response to our call for papers, we received 60 submissions. Of those submissions, 27 were published and 33 were rejected. In this book, we offer the 27 accepted technical articles as well as one editorial. Authors from 15 countries (China, Netherlands, Spain, Tunisia, United Sates of America, Korea, Brazil, Egypt, Denmark, Indonesia, Oman, Canada, Algeria, Mexico, and the Czech Republic) elaborate on several aspects of intelligent control in energy systems. The book covers a broad range of topics including fuzzy PID in automotive fuel cell and MPPT tracking, neural networks for fuel cell control and dynamic optimization of energy management, adaptive control on power systems, hierarchical Petri Nets in microgrid management, model predictive control for electric vehicle battery and frequency regulation in HVAC systems, deep learning for power consumption forecasting, decision trees for wind systems, risk analysis for demand side management, finite state automata for HVAC control, robust ?-synthesis for microgrids, and neuro-fuzzy systems in energy storage.

energy management system --- artificial neural network --- control architecture --- intelligent buildings --- sensitivity analysis --- neural networks --- active balance --- photovoltaic system --- fast frequency response --- artificial intelligence --- MPPT operation --- model uncertainty --- load frequency control --- decision tree --- multi-agent control --- hybrid power plant --- Fault Ride Through Capability --- optimization --- small scale compressed air energy storage (SS-CAES) --- smart micro-grid --- current distortion --- hybrid electric vehicle --- parameter estimation --- railway --- ANFIS --- solar monitoring system --- urban microgrids --- phase-load balancing --- model reduction --- high-speed railway --- energy internet --- coordination of reserves --- differential evolution --- photovoltaic array --- ancillary service --- adjacent areas --- instantaneous optimization minimum power loss --- model predictive control --- HVAC systems --- sliding mode control --- MPPT: maximum power point tracking --- power oscillations --- thyristor --- interaction minimization --- occupancy model --- fuzzy logic controller --- power transformer winding --- RLS --- integrated energy systems --- vibration characteristics --- battery safety --- error estimation --- error compensation --- static friction --- convolutional neural network --- forecasting --- continuous voltage control --- medium voltage --- bridgeless SEPIC PFC converter --- building climate control --- PEM fuel cell --- proton exchange membrane fuel cell --- compound structured permanent-magnet motor --- occupancy-based control --- four phases interleaved boost converter --- long short term memory --- line switching --- lithium-ion battery pack --- back propagation (BP) neural network --- doubly-fed induction generator --- double forgetting factors --- current controller design --- repetitive controller --- exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve system --- neural network controller --- step-up boost converter --- internal short circuit resistance --- electric power consumption --- electric vehicle --- multiphysical field analysis --- energy efficiency --- multi-energy complementary --- system identification --- ?-synthesis --- network sensitivity --- intelligent control --- ?-class function --- frequency support --- multi-step forecasting --- frequency containment reserve --- orthogonal least square --- rule-based control --- industrial process --- hierarchical Petri nets --- wind integrated power system --- probabilistic power flow --- voltage controlling --- adaptive backstepping --- AC-DC converters --- line loss --- demand side management --- energy systems --- short-circuit experiment --- winding-fault characteristics --- neutral section --- stochastic power system operating point drift --- neural network algorithm --- operation limit violations --- fractional order fuzzy PID controller --- preventive control --- AC static switch --- battery packs --- model-based fault detection --- automotive application --- nonlinear power systems --- adaptive damping control --- pilot point --- energy management --- position control --- frequency control dead band --- fuzzy --- voltage violations --- distribution network planning --- frequency regulation --- energy management strategy --- multiple-point control --- electric meter --- polynomial expansion --- commercial/residential buildings --- system modelling --- three-stage --- soft internal short circuit --- demand response