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The sustainability of the built environment can only be achieved through the maintenance planning of built facilities during their lifecycle while also considering social, economic, functional, technical, and ecological aspects. Stakeholders should be conscious of the existing tools and knowledge for the optimization of maintenance and rehabilitation actions in consideration of the degradation mechanisms and the risk of failure over time. Knowledge concerning the service life prediction of building elements is crucial to the definition, in a rational and technically informed way, of a set of maintenance strategies over the building’s life cycle. Service life prediction methodologies provide a better understanding of the degradation phenomenon of the analyzed elements, enabling the relation of the characteristics of these elements and their exposure, use, and maintenance conditions with their performance over time. This SI intends to provide an overview of the existing knowledge related to various aspects of “Life Cycle Prediction and Maintenance of Buildings”. Relevant topics to this Special Issue include: Methodologies for service life prediction of buildings and components; Maintainability of buildings and components; Serviceability of building elements; Maintenance and repair actions of buildings and components; Definition and optimization of maintenance policies; Financial analysis of various maintenance plans; Whole life cycle costing; Life cycle assessment.

History of engineering & technology --- energy efficiency --- indoor climate quality --- life cycle economy --- changing operational environment --- municipal building procurement --- climate targets --- Insurance --- mathematical models --- service life prediction models --- natural stone claddings --- insurance premium --- risk assessment --- linoleum and vinyl floorings --- inspection --- pathology --- statistical survey --- healthcare infrastructures --- technical condition --- performance characteristics --- degree of wear --- service life --- preventive maintenance --- Digitization --- Key Performance Indicators --- KPIs --- Asset Management --- Facility Management --- Operations Maintenance &amp --- Repairs --- Decision Support System --- Facility Condition Index --- building --- construction material --- life cycle costs --- thermal insulation system --- conservation --- natural stone --- long-term weathered --- water repellents --- durability --- single-sided NMR --- Life Cycle Assessment uncertainties --- seismic hazard --- building renovation --- retrofit --- buildings --- building components --- building elements --- climate change --- degradation --- maintainability --- service life prediction --- existing structures --- reinforced concrete --- time-dependent reliability --- life cycle --- Gaussian mixture models --- strength degradation --- steel corrosion --- secondary databases --- single-family house --- energy supply system --- payback period --- internal rate of return --- energy price --- Swedish climate zones --- climate adaptation --- maintenance --- operation --- management --- n/a

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The sustainability of the built environment can only be achieved through the maintenance planning of built facilities during their lifecycle while also considering social, economic, functional, technical, and ecological aspects. Stakeholders should be conscious of the existing tools and knowledge for the optimization of maintenance and rehabilitation actions in consideration of the degradation mechanisms and the risk of failure over time. Knowledge concerning the service life prediction of building elements is crucial to the definition, in a rational and technically informed way, of a set of maintenance strategies over the building’s life cycle. Service life prediction methodologies provide a better understanding of the degradation phenomenon of the analyzed elements, enabling the relation of the characteristics of these elements and their exposure, use, and maintenance conditions with their performance over time. This SI intends to provide an overview of the existing knowledge related to various aspects of “Life Cycle Prediction and Maintenance of Buildings”. Relevant topics to this Special Issue include: Methodologies for service life prediction of buildings and components; Maintainability of buildings and components; Serviceability of building elements; Maintenance and repair actions of buildings and components; Definition and optimization of maintenance policies; Financial analysis of various maintenance plans; Whole life cycle costing; Life cycle assessment.

History of engineering & technology --- energy efficiency --- indoor climate quality --- life cycle economy --- changing operational environment --- municipal building procurement --- climate targets --- Insurance --- mathematical models --- service life prediction models --- natural stone claddings --- insurance premium --- risk assessment --- linoleum and vinyl floorings --- inspection --- pathology --- statistical survey --- healthcare infrastructures --- technical condition --- performance characteristics --- degree of wear --- service life --- preventive maintenance --- Digitization --- Key Performance Indicators --- KPIs --- Asset Management --- Facility Management --- Operations Maintenance &amp --- Repairs --- Decision Support System --- Facility Condition Index --- building --- construction material --- life cycle costs --- thermal insulation system --- conservation --- natural stone --- long-term weathered --- water repellents --- durability --- single-sided NMR --- Life Cycle Assessment uncertainties --- seismic hazard --- building renovation --- retrofit --- buildings --- building components --- building elements --- climate change --- degradation --- maintainability --- service life prediction --- existing structures --- reinforced concrete --- time-dependent reliability --- life cycle --- Gaussian mixture models --- strength degradation --- steel corrosion --- secondary databases --- single-family house --- energy supply system --- payback period --- internal rate of return --- energy price --- Swedish climate zones --- climate adaptation --- maintenance --- operation --- management

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The increasing share of renewable energy sources is drawing attention to a critical challenge. The availability of wind turbines and photovoltaic solar cells is limited and difficult to predict. They usually provide a fluctuating feed-in to the grid, so energy reserves, e.g., conventional thermal power plants or energy storage systems, are necessary to establish a balance between electricity supply and demand. Various solutions can be adopted to maintain the security of supply and improve the flexibility of the future power system, such as improving the efficiency of technical processes in areas such as thermal power plants, cement and metallurgy industries, the use of advanced thermochemical conversion technologies such as gasification, the expansion of high-voltage transmission infrastructure, the promoting of renewable energy sources, the employment of large-scale energy storage systems, and the use of highly flexible power generation units with carbon capture and utilisation, such as combined-cycle power plants. Given this background, this Special Issue contains fundamental scientific studies on the latest research progress in the development and optimisation of gasification processes, renewable energy source “solar energy”, synthesis of new hybrid nanocomposites and nanofluids, carbon capture, and energy storage systems. Special Issue Editors Falah Alobaid Jochen Ströhle

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- gasification --- sewage sludge --- syngas --- sulfur --- tar --- ammonia --- biofuel --- synthesis stoichiometry --- operation parameters --- nutrient recovery --- circular economy --- plastics --- waste blends --- thermogravimetric analysis --- pyrolysis --- thermo-economic --- aqua-ammonia --- lithium bromide-water --- absorption systems --- design --- solar collectors --- steam gasification --- biomass --- bubbling fluidized bed --- Aspen Plus simulation --- hydrogen production --- devolatilization --- biomass pretreatments --- wheat straw pellets --- gas yield --- carbon conversion --- fluidized bed --- dynamic simulation --- parabolic trough power plant --- control circuit --- solar field --- thermal storage system --- chemical looping gasification --- carbon dioxide capture --- oxygen carriers --- APROS --- operation strategy --- comparative study --- CO2 capture --- CO2 absorption --- liquid holdup --- pressure drop --- clear liquid height --- froth height --- experimental study --- stand-alone system --- molten salt --- combined cycle plants --- MgO-DW nanofluid --- two-step technique --- co-precipitation --- XRD and SEM --- thermal conductivity --- dynamic viscosity --- nanofluid --- absorption --- improvement --- solvent --- shape memory alloys --- Ni-Ti-Ag --- casting --- VAR furnace --- microstructure --- XRD --- mechanical properties --- hybrid nano-composites --- powder metallurgy --- Fe2O3 --- Ag --- wear --- heat transfer enhancement --- binary basket–twisted strip inserts --- friction characteristics --- thermal performance characteristics --- turbulent flow --- n/a --- binary basket-twisted strip inserts

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The increasing share of renewable energy sources is drawing attention to a critical challenge. The availability of wind turbines and photovoltaic solar cells is limited and difficult to predict. They usually provide a fluctuating feed-in to the grid, so energy reserves, e.g., conventional thermal power plants or energy storage systems, are necessary to establish a balance between electricity supply and demand. Various solutions can be adopted to maintain the security of supply and improve the flexibility of the future power system, such as improving the efficiency of technical processes in areas such as thermal power plants, cement and metallurgy industries, the use of advanced thermochemical conversion technologies such as gasification, the expansion of high-voltage transmission infrastructure, the promoting of renewable energy sources, the employment of large-scale energy storage systems, and the use of highly flexible power generation units with carbon capture and utilisation, such as combined-cycle power plants. Given this background, this Special Issue contains fundamental scientific studies on the latest research progress in the development and optimisation of gasification processes, renewable energy source “solar energy”, synthesis of new hybrid nanocomposites and nanofluids, carbon capture, and energy storage systems. Special Issue Editors Falah Alobaid Jochen Ströhle

gasification --- sewage sludge --- syngas --- sulfur --- tar --- ammonia --- biofuel --- synthesis stoichiometry --- operation parameters --- nutrient recovery --- circular economy --- plastics --- waste blends --- thermogravimetric analysis --- pyrolysis --- thermo-economic --- aqua-ammonia --- lithium bromide-water --- absorption systems --- design --- solar collectors --- steam gasification --- biomass --- bubbling fluidized bed --- Aspen Plus simulation --- hydrogen production --- devolatilization --- biomass pretreatments --- wheat straw pellets --- gas yield --- carbon conversion --- fluidized bed --- dynamic simulation --- parabolic trough power plant --- control circuit --- solar field --- thermal storage system --- chemical looping gasification --- carbon dioxide capture --- oxygen carriers --- APROS --- operation strategy --- comparative study --- CO2 capture --- CO2 absorption --- liquid holdup --- pressure drop --- clear liquid height --- froth height --- experimental study --- stand-alone system --- molten salt --- combined cycle plants --- MgO-DW nanofluid --- two-step technique --- co-precipitation --- XRD and SEM --- thermal conductivity --- dynamic viscosity --- nanofluid --- absorption --- improvement --- solvent --- shape memory alloys --- Ni-Ti-Ag --- casting --- VAR furnace --- microstructure --- XRD --- mechanical properties --- hybrid nano-composites --- powder metallurgy --- Fe2O3 --- Ag --- wear --- heat transfer enhancement --- binary basket–twisted strip inserts --- friction characteristics --- thermal performance characteristics --- turbulent flow --- n/a --- binary basket-twisted strip inserts

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The book is addressed to architects and civil engineers. Design and research are areas connecting their activities. The contents of the book confirm the fact that the interface between architecture and engineering is multidimensional. The ways of finding points of contact between the two industries are highlighted. This is favored by the dynamically changing reality, supported by new design paradigms and new research techniques. The multithreaded subject matter of the articles is reduced to six sections: Research Scopes, Methods, Design Aspects, Context, Nature of Research, and Economy and Cost Calculation. Each of the articles in these six blocks has its weight. And so, in the Nature of Research section, the following areas have been underscored: laboratory tests, in situ research, field investigations, and street perception experiments. The section Design Aspects includes design-oriented thinking, geometrical forms, location of buildings, cost prediction, attractor and distractor elements, and shaping spatial structures. The new design and research tools are an inspiration and a keystone bonding architects and engineers.

The arts --- Architecture --- high-rise buildings --- development --- geometrical forms --- structural system --- advanced materials --- damping systems --- sustainability --- sustainable smart city --- architect --- image of the city --- participatory design --- body of the building --- facades --- roofs --- built environment --- design thinking method --- multi-criteria decision-making --- multi-criteria decision analysis --- fuzzy AHP --- sustainable development --- design solutions --- concrete performance --- concrete durability --- EIPI method --- waste copper slag --- natural radioactivity --- cost estimates --- construction costs --- bridge construction projects --- machine learning --- support vector machines --- regression --- technical condition --- performance characteristics --- prediction --- degree of wear --- building information modeling --- BIM --- construction management --- SWOT --- eye tracking --- visual perception --- the architecture of Cologne --- case study --- application in architecture and management --- assembly works --- computer planning --- Monte Carlo method --- selection --- construction --- application --- a curvilinear structure --- a hyperbolic paraboloid --- shaping structures --- structural optimization --- parametric design --- genetic algorithms --- multi-objective optimization --- topology --- Grasshopper --- FEM --- steel trusses --- semi-rigid joints --- RHS braces --- H-section chords --- overlapped joints --- resistance of welds --- Kraków Zabłocie --- Podolski Boulevard --- development of riverside embankment --- downtown riverside areas --- urban local centre --- community --- historical context --- multifunctional complex --- living environment quality --- spatial location conditions --- air pollution --- urban ventilation --- EU subsidies targeting environmental quality improvement --- masonry structures --- stiffening walls --- wall joints --- connectors --- bed joint reinforcement --- design for circularity --- design support tools --- circular construction --- circular economy --- architecture --- architectural design --- photovoltaic modules in architecture --- green building --- benefits of BIM --- public construction clients --- project outcomes --- engineering --- design paradigms --- research methods --- circular building --- spatial structures --- design-oriented thinking --- MCDM --- SVM