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"The purpose of this study was to examine the self-talk of elite triathletes during acompetition. Furthermore, we wanted to investigate possible differences in content and frequencyin self-talk during a triathlon competition among elite and club triathletes. Participantswere ten members of the Norwegian triathlon national team as well as ten triathletescompeting at Norwegian club level. The competition consisted of an indoor sprint-distance triathlon (a 750 m pool swim leg, a 20 km ergometer cycling leg, and a 5 km treadmill run leg).Self-talk content and frequency were measured using a Norwegian version of the AutomaticSelf-Talk Questionnaire for Sports (ASTQS). Overall, results showed that all athletes reportedmore positive than negative self-talk during competition. Moreover, elite athletes reportedmore confidence-inducing self-talk compared to the club level athletes during the swim. Thefindings also indicated that elite athletes were more able than club athletes to maintain higherlevels of positive self-talk during the latter stages of the competition (5 km run). This tendencywas reversed regarding negative self-talk. Elite athletes reported less negative self-talk comparedto club level athletes towards the end of the competition."

Psychology --- soccer referee --- penalty kick --- expert panel --- incorrect refereeing --- fotballdommer --- straffespark --- ekspertpanel --- feildømming

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A wealth of research in recent decades has seen the economic approach to human behavior extended over many areas previously considered to belong to sociology, political science, law, and other fields. Research has also shown that economics can provide insight into many aspects of sports, including soccer. Beautiful Game Theory is the first book that uses soccer to test economic theories and document novel human behavior. In this brilliant and entertaining book, Ignacio Palacios-Huerta illuminates economics through the world's most popular sport. He offers unique and often startling insights into game theory and microeconomics, covering topics such as mixed strategies, discrimination, incentives, and human preferences. He also looks at finance, experimental economics, behavioral economics, and neuroeconomics. Soccer provides rich data sets and environments that shed light on universal economic principles in interesting and useful ways. Essential reading for students, researchers, and sports enthusiasts, Beautiful Game Theory is the first book to show what soccer can do for economics.

Mathematics --- SPORTS & RECREATION / Soccer. --- MATHEMATICS / Game Theory. --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economics / Theory. --- Game theory --- Soccer --- Economics --- Behavioral economics --- Behavioural economics --- Games, Theory of --- Theory of games --- Mathematical models --- Math --- Science --- Game theory. --- Economic aspects. --- Psychological aspects. --- Economics - Psychological aspects --- Soccer - Economic aspects --- Argentina. --- English league soccer. --- John F. Nash Jr. --- behavioral bias. --- behavioral changes. --- brain. --- competition. --- competitive games. --- corruption. --- criminal damage. --- discrimination. --- economics. --- efficient-markets hypothesis. --- emotional response. --- equilibrium concept. --- experimental design. --- experimental economics. --- game theory. --- halftime. --- hooliganism. --- human behavior. --- human preference. --- incentives. --- laboratory experiment. --- microeconomics. --- minimax theorem. --- mixed strategies. --- neuroeconomics. --- neurophysiology. --- penalty kick game. --- penalty kick. --- penalty kicks. --- penalty shoot-out. --- penalty shoot-outs. --- prejudice. --- probability mixtures. --- professional athletes. --- professional soccer players. --- psychological bias. --- psychological pressure. --- referee bias. --- rewards. --- scoring. --- soccer fans. --- soccer games. --- soccer players. --- soccer. --- social forces. --- social pressure. --- sport. --- sports fans. --- sports. --- stock market. --- stock prices. --- taste-based discrimination. --- three-point rule. --- vandalism. --- violence. --- zero-sum experimental games.