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In the current Special Issue of Metals, we present six contributions from academia and industry. Based on their latest research developments, and achievements in their applied research field, the contributors elucidate the effect of temperature during forming operations that were closely analyzed via texture evaluation, present the opportunities that derive from microstructure and process simulation, and show how trace elements may affect critical properties in the performance of metallic materials. Bridging the gap between academia and industry, they provide all the necessary theoretical background through basic and applied research to meet the requirements for industrial application of the new and steadily optimized materials and concepts.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- DC Casting --- 5182 alloy --- crystallographic texture --- hot rolling --- cold rolling --- crystallographic components --- microstructural evolution --- aluminum --- LS-DYNA --- crown --- camber --- cooling --- temperature evolution --- hot ductility --- reactor pressure vessel steel --- grain boundary segregation --- dynamic recrystallization --- grain boundary sliding --- Al-Mg-Si alloys --- phase-field --- heat-treatment --- recrystallisation --- ageing --- precipitation hardening --- micress --- thermocalc --- pearlitic steel --- cold drawing --- second-phase particles --- non-metallic inclusions --- 3104 alloy --- tensile testing --- DC Casting --- 5182 alloy --- crystallographic texture --- hot rolling --- cold rolling --- crystallographic components --- microstructural evolution --- aluminum --- LS-DYNA --- crown --- camber --- cooling --- temperature evolution --- hot ductility --- reactor pressure vessel steel --- grain boundary segregation --- dynamic recrystallization --- grain boundary sliding --- Al-Mg-Si alloys --- phase-field --- heat-treatment --- recrystallisation --- ageing --- precipitation hardening --- micress --- thermocalc --- pearlitic steel --- cold drawing --- second-phase particles --- non-metallic inclusions --- 3104 alloy --- tensile testing

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• Reference Manager
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In the current Special Issue of Metals, we present six contributions from academia and industry. Based on their latest research developments, and achievements in their applied research field, the contributors elucidate the effect of temperature during forming operations that were closely analyzed via texture evaluation, present the opportunities that derive from microstructure and process simulation, and show how trace elements may affect critical properties in the performance of metallic materials. Bridging the gap between academia and industry, they provide all the necessary theoretical background through basic and applied research to meet the requirements for industrial application of the new and steadily optimized materials and concepts.

DC Casting --- 5182 alloy --- crystallographic texture --- hot rolling --- cold rolling --- crystallographic components --- microstructural evolution --- aluminum --- LS-DYNA --- crown --- camber --- cooling --- temperature evolution --- hot ductility --- reactor pressure vessel steel --- grain boundary segregation --- dynamic recrystallization --- grain boundary sliding --- Al-Mg-Si alloys --- phase-field --- heat-treatment --- recrystallisation --- ageing --- precipitation hardening --- micress --- thermocalc --- pearlitic steel --- cold drawing --- second-phase particles --- non-metallic inclusions --- 3104 alloy --- tensile testing --- n/a

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Steels represent a quite interesting material family, both from scientific and commercial points of view, following many applications they can be devoted to. Following this, it is therefore essential to deeply understand the relations between properties and microstructure and how to drive them via a specific process. Despite their diffusion as a consolidated material, many research fields are active regarding new applications. In this framework, in particular, the role of heat treatments in obtaining complex microstructures is still quite an open matter, which is also thanks to the design of innovative heat treatments.This Special Issue embraces interdisciplinary work covering physical metallurgy and processes, reporting on experimental and theoretical progress concerning microstructural evolution during the heat treatment of steels.

Technology: general issues --- nitriding --- nitrocarburizing --- two-stage treatment --- process design --- compound layer --- white layer --- nitriding hardness depth --- steel-clad plate --- element diffusion --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- high speed steel --- vacuum heat treatment --- plane strain fracture toughness --- residual stress --- creep --- stress relief --- welded rotor --- forged steels --- high-Cr steel --- austempering --- high silicon steel --- retained austenite --- pearlitic steel wire --- elongation to failure --- torsion --- reduction of area --- annealing --- low density steels --- forging --- kappa carbide --- FeCMnAl --- steel --- martensitic steel --- ε-carbide --- tempering --- hydrogen embrittlement --- mechanical strength --- inoculant --- materials design --- gear steel --- AlN precipitate --- carburization --- austenite grain size --- Zener pinning --- precipitation criterion --- boiling curve --- quenching severity --- boiling and quenching heat transfer --- metal quenching heat flow --- ultrafast heating annealing --- thermo-cycling annealing --- ultra-high strength steel --- auto-tempering --- martensite --- hole expansion ratio --- flash heating --- QP --- low carbon steel --- n/a

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The accumulation of damage and the development of fatigue cracks under the influence of loads is a common phenomenon that occurs in metals. To slow down crack growth and ensure an adequate level of safety and the optimal durability of structural elements, experimental tests and simulations are required to determine the influence of various factors. Such factors include, among others, the impact of microstructures, voids, notches, the environment, etc. Research carried out in this field and the results obtained are necessary to guide development toward the receipt of new and advanced materials that meet the requirements of the designers. This Special Issue aims to provide the data, models and tools necessary to provide structural integrity and perform lifetime prediction based on the stress (strain) state and, finally, the increase in fatigue cracks in the material.

fatigue --- fracture --- very-high cycle --- high-entropy alloy --- powder metallurgy --- fish eye --- crack branching behavior --- micromechanical analysis --- crack propagation path --- welded joints --- stress concentration --- vibration-based fatigue --- ultra-high frequency --- very high cycle fatigue --- fatigue test --- titanium alloy --- hydrogen re-embrittlement --- environmentally assisted cracking --- galvanic protection --- high strength steel --- crack front shape --- structural plates --- through-the-thickness crack --- steady-state loading conditions --- small-scale yielding --- pearlitic steel --- CFRP patches --- crack retardation --- fatigue crack growth --- failure analysis --- fatigue variability --- alloy 625 --- thin tube --- fractography --- microstructure --- aluminum hand-hole --- nonreinforced hand-hole --- design S-N curve --- high cycle fatigue --- CP Ti --- stress amplitude --- fatigue crack propagation --- crack growth rate --- roughness-induced crack closure --- fracture toughness --- machine learning --- artificial neural network --- predictor --- yield stress --- tensile strength --- specimen size --- 2524-T3 aluminum alloy --- corrosion --- crack propagation --- n/a

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Steels represent a quite interesting material family, both from scientific and commercial points of view, following many applications they can be devoted to. Following this, it is therefore essential to deeply understand the relations between properties and microstructure and how to drive them via a specific process. Despite their diffusion as a consolidated material, many research fields are active regarding new applications. In this framework, in particular, the role of heat treatments in obtaining complex microstructures is still quite an open matter, which is also thanks to the design of innovative heat treatments.This Special Issue embraces interdisciplinary work covering physical metallurgy and processes, reporting on experimental and theoretical progress concerning microstructural evolution during the heat treatment of steels.

Technology: general issues --- nitriding --- nitrocarburizing --- two-stage treatment --- process design --- compound layer --- white layer --- nitriding hardness depth --- steel-clad plate --- element diffusion --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- high speed steel --- vacuum heat treatment --- plane strain fracture toughness --- residual stress --- creep --- stress relief --- welded rotor --- forged steels --- high-Cr steel --- austempering --- high silicon steel --- retained austenite --- pearlitic steel wire --- elongation to failure --- torsion --- reduction of area --- annealing --- low density steels --- forging --- kappa carbide --- FeCMnAl --- steel --- martensitic steel --- ε-carbide --- tempering --- hydrogen embrittlement --- mechanical strength --- inoculant --- materials design --- gear steel --- AlN precipitate --- carburization --- austenite grain size --- Zener pinning --- precipitation criterion --- boiling curve --- quenching severity --- boiling and quenching heat transfer --- metal quenching heat flow --- ultrafast heating annealing --- thermo-cycling annealing --- ultra-high strength steel --- auto-tempering --- martensite --- hole expansion ratio --- flash heating --- QP --- low carbon steel --- nitriding --- nitrocarburizing --- two-stage treatment --- process design --- compound layer --- white layer --- nitriding hardness depth --- steel-clad plate --- element diffusion --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- high speed steel --- vacuum heat treatment --- plane strain fracture toughness --- residual stress --- creep --- stress relief --- welded rotor --- forged steels --- high-Cr steel --- austempering --- high silicon steel --- retained austenite --- pearlitic steel wire --- elongation to failure --- torsion --- reduction of area --- annealing --- low density steels --- forging --- kappa carbide --- FeCMnAl --- steel --- martensitic steel --- ε-carbide --- tempering --- hydrogen embrittlement --- mechanical strength --- inoculant --- materials design --- gear steel --- AlN precipitate --- carburization --- austenite grain size --- Zener pinning --- precipitation criterion --- boiling curve --- quenching severity --- boiling and quenching heat transfer --- metal quenching heat flow --- ultrafast heating annealing --- thermo-cycling annealing --- ultra-high strength steel --- auto-tempering --- martensite --- hole expansion ratio --- flash heating --- QP --- low carbon steel