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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Medicine --- Immunology --- targeted delivery --- Dendritic Cells --- innate immunity --- Adaptive Immunity --- Pattern Recognition Receptors

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The group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) includes families of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and AIM-2-like receptors (ALRs). Conceptually, receptors constituting these families are united by two general features. Firstly, they directly recognize common antigen determinants of virtually all classes of pathogens (so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or simply PAMPs) and initiate immune response against them via specific intracellular signaling pathways. Secondly, they recognize endogenous ligands (since they are usually released during cell stress, they are called damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs), and, hence, PRR-mediated immune response can be activated without an influence of infectious agents. So, pattern recognition receptors play the key role performing the innate and adaptive immune response. In addition, many PRRs have a number of other vital functions apart from participation in immune response realization. The fundamental character and diversity of PRR functions have led to amazingly rapid research in this field. Such investigations are very promising for medicine as immune system plays a key role in vast majority if not all human diseases, and the process of discovering the new aspects of the immune system functioning is rapidly ongoing. The role of Toll-like receptors in cancer was analyzed in certain reviews but the data are still scattered. This collection of reviews systematizes the key information in the field.

Toll-Like Receptors --- C-type lectin receptors --- nod-like receptors --- DNA Repair --- Pattern Recognition Receptors --- Inflammation --- RIG-I-like receptors --- Autophagy --- Cancer --- Apoptosis

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The cell surface of fungi, bacteria and sea organisms is highly glycosylated. These glycans are oligo- or polysaccharide molecules that can be secreted or attached to protein or lipids forming glycoconjugates. They present extraordinary structural diversity that could explain their involvement in many fundamental cellular processes, including growth, differentiation and morphogenesis. Considerable advances have been made on the structural elucidation of these glycans. Their primary structures were determined based on a combination of mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy techniques. The combination of these sensitive and powerful techniques has allowed us to increase our structural knowledge of a wide variety of glycans expressed by different fungi, bacteria and sea organisms.

Fungal pathogens --- sea organisms --- NMR --- innate immunity --- Mass Spectrometry --- sulfated polysaccharides --- carbohydrate-based drug development --- Pattern Recognition Receptors --- Plant-Bacterium Interaction --- Adhesion --- fungal glycoconjugates

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The group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) includes families of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and AIM-2-like receptors (ALRs). Conceptually, receptors constituting these families are united by two general features. Firstly, they directly recognize common antigen determinants of virtually all classes of pathogens (so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns, or simply PAMPs) and initiate immune response against them via specific intracellular signaling pathways. Secondly, they recognize endogenous ligands (since they are usually released during cell stress, they are called damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs), and, hence, PRR-mediated immune response can be activated without an influence of infectious agents. So, pattern recognition receptors play the key role performing the innate and adaptive immune response. In addition, many PRRs have a number of other vital functions apart from participation in immune response realization. The fundamental character and diversity of PRR functions have led to amazingly rapid research in this field. Such investigations are very promising for medicine as immune system plays a key role in vast majority if not all human diseases, and the process of discovering the new aspects of the immune system functioning is rapidly ongoing. The role of Toll-like receptors in cancer was analyzed in certain reviews but the data are still scattered. This collection of reviews systematizes the key information in the field.

Toll-Like Receptors --- C-type lectin receptors --- nod-like receptors --- DNA Repair --- Pattern Recognition Receptors --- Inflammation --- RIG-I-like receptors --- Autophagy --- Cancer --- Apoptosis --- Toll-Like Receptors --- C-type lectin receptors --- nod-like receptors --- DNA Repair --- Pattern Recognition Receptors --- Inflammation --- RIG-I-like receptors --- Autophagy --- Cancer --- Apoptosis

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Glycans (carbohydrate chains) of marine creatures are rich and diverse in polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. The chains that are metabolized by glycan-related enzymes (glycosyltransferases and glycosidases) are recognized by glycan-binding proteins (lectins) which regulate cellular processes such as growth, differentiation, and death. Marine glycomics that involves the genome and transcriptome accelerates our understanding of the evolution of glycans, glycan-related enzymes, and lectins. From 2017 to 2019, the Special Issue “Marine Glycobiology, Glycomics and Lectins” of the journal Marine Drugs published scientific articles and reviews, on the background of “glycobiology”—that is, glycan-based biosciences. The aim was to promote the discovery of novel biomolecules that contribute to drug development and clinical studies. This has great potential for establishing connections between the fields of both human health and marine life sciences.This book contains 11 scientific papers representing current topics in comprehensive glycosciences related to therapeutic agents from marine natural products, as outlined.

toxicity --- anticoagulant activities --- Portunus pelagicus --- complement system --- Fucus distichus subsp. evanescens --- MytiLec-1 --- DNA methyltransferases --- malignant glioma --- heparin --- innate immunity --- polysialic acid (polySia) --- HddSBL --- differentiation induction --- phagocytosis --- fucosylated glycosaminoglycan --- Alzheimer’s disease --- thermostable --- amyloid-? --- lectins --- ?-secretase --- fucoidan --- oncolytic vaccinia virus --- Marinomonas --- viral replication --- BACE1 --- glioblastoma --- bioactivity --- Ehrlich ascites carcinoma --- adverse effects --- therapeutic effects --- ERK --- physicochemical characteristics --- oligo-fucoidan --- tandem duplication --- lectin --- galactooligosaccharides --- recombinant --- TTL --- theoretical model --- fucan sulfate --- retinal pigment epithelium --- glycosaminoglycan --- ?-galactosidase --- apoptosis-related genes --- C1q --- VEGF --- nanomedical devices --- epigenetic modification --- nematocyst discharge process --- Mytilus galloprovincialis --- pattern recognition receptors --- Pattalus mollis --- transglycosylation --- anti-viral --- nematogalectin --- heparan sulphate --- oxidative stress --- bivalve mollusks