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Our common knowledge on oxidative stress has evolved substantially over the years and has been mostly focused on the fundamental chemical reactions and the most relevant chemical species involved in the human pathophysiology of oxidative stress-associated diseases. Thus, reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) were identified as the key players initiating, mediating, and regulating the cellular and biochemical complexity of oxidative stress either as physiological (acting pro-hormetic) or as pathogenic (causing destructive vicious circle) process. The papers published in this particular Special Issue of the Cells demonstrate the impressive pathophysiological relevance of ROS and RNS in a range of contexts, including the relevance of second messengers of free radicals like 4-hydroxynonenal, allowing us to assume that even more detailed mechanisms of their positive and negative effects lie in wait, and should assist in better monitoring of the major modern diseases and the development of advanced integrative biomedicine treatments.

toxicity --- toll-like receptors --- acrolein --- hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials --- LC-MS/MS --- blood–brain barrier --- NADPH-oxidase --- human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells --- NRF2-NQO1 axis --- granulocytes --- free radicals --- antioxidant --- plaque vulnerability --- bEnd.3 --- relaxation --- Ca2+ --- keratinocytes --- oxidative metabolism of the cells --- lipid peroxidation --- intermittent hypoxia --- osteoblast growth --- UV radiation --- ROS --- bEnd5 --- cyclopurines --- NF?B --- glucose deprivation --- antimicrobial --- endothelial cells --- 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) --- histamine --- glutamine deprivation --- optical coherence tomography --- antioxidants --- DNA damage --- glutathione --- NQO1 transcript variants --- xeroderma pigmentosum --- cancer cells --- VAS2870 --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- TP53 mutation --- DNA and RNA polymerases --- viability --- oxidative burst --- macrophages --- inflammation --- Nrf2 --- von Willebrand factor --- reactive oxygen species --- growth control --- intracellular signaling --- MFN2 --- nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 --- fusion/fission --- IMR-90 --- calcium --- proliferation --- mitochondria --- pathophysiology of oxidative stress --- redox balance --- 4-hydroxynonenal --- cannabidiol --- oxidative homeostasis --- rs1800566 --- neuronal cell death --- heme-oxygenase-1 --- vitamins --- cell signaling --- TRPM2 channel --- aorta --- cancer --- growth --- cancer regression --- oxidative stress --- nucleotide excision repair