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Cholera remains a global threat in the 21st century, chiefly due to the continued lack of adequate resource provision and the political will to ensure a safe potable water supply and sanitary waste disposal for a burgeoning global population. The current Special Issue on cholera provides an overview of the available control measures from the perspectives of bioecology, immunology and vaccinology and treatment. These modalities have the potential to reduce cholera case fatality rates to less than 1% if properly implemented. In this Special Issue on cholera, the current state of the art in science-based control measures is reported on by several of the world’s leaders in research on the control of cholera and allied acute watery diarrheal diseases. Dr. Rita Colwell, Dr. Anwar Huq and colleagues at the University of Maryland and the University of Florida will review the latest information on environmental factors related to the prediction and prevention of cholera. Dr. Jacqueline Dean and Dr. John Clemens contribute an overview of recent insights into the performance of licensed and recommended cholera vaccines. Dr. Jan Holmgren will present an update on cholera immunity and the next generation of cholera vaccines. Dr. David Nalin will discuss cholera treatment options and optimums for the 21st century, and Dr. Richard A. Cash will focus on bringing diarrhea treatment, control, and prevention to the community.

VIP --- cholera patients --- cholera --- oral cholera vaccine --- efficacy --- effectiveness --- non-cholera acute watery diarrheas (AWDs) --- oral rehydration solutions (ORS) --- ORS formulations --- sodium balance --- hyponatremia --- hyponatremic seizures --- hyponatremic sequelae --- mucosal immunity --- cholera control --- diarrhea --- Burundi --- hot spot --- oral rehydration solution (ORS) --- oral rehydration therapy (ORT) --- community-based care --- OTEP --- BRAC --- environmental parameters --- Vibrio cholerae --- trigger --- transmission --- prediction --- immunity --- innate --- adaptive --- antibody --- cellular --- mucosal --- systemic --- memory --- vaccine --- non-cholera dehydrating diarrheas --- translational medicine --- history --- urban health --- oral rehydration --- n/a

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The goal of this Special Issue, "Probiotics and Prebiotics in Pediatrics", is to focus on the importance of pediatric nutrition with probiotics and prebiotics to improve gastrointestinal health in newborn, infants, and children.Specifically, the aim is to clarify if probiotics and prebiotics can influence gut microbiota composition and host-interaction favoring human health and preventing diseases.This new information will provide health care professionals with a widespread, clear and update evidence on probiotics and prebiotics and intestinal gut microbiota in pediatric care.

non-IgE mediated allergy --- n/a --- randomized controlled trials --- infant --- “Probiotics”[Mesh] --- children --- safety --- therapeutic microbiology --- zinc --- prevention --- Lactobacillus --- cow’s milk protein --- constipation --- hepcidin --- infants --- Bifidobacterium --- Bifidobacterium breve --- allergy --- asthma --- functional abdominal pain disorders --- probiotic strain --- formula feeding --- probiotic --- nutritional programming --- 2?-fucosyllactose --- “Pregnancy”[Mesh] --- colic --- iron absorption --- bifidobacteria --- Newborn”[Mesh] --- breast feeding --- neonatal --- diversity --- acute diarrhea --- celiac disease --- human milk oligosaccharide --- acute gastroenteritis --- human milk oligosaccharides --- tolerance acquisition --- iron deficiency anemia --- infantile colic --- Lacto-N-neotetraose --- gluten free diet --- oligosaccharides --- preterm --- preterm infant --- microbial programming --- paediatrics --- Lactobacillus reuteri --- functional constipation --- protein hydrolyzed formulas --- oral rehydration solution --- gluten-free diet --- infant formula --- prebiotic --- Childhood Asthma Control Test --- microbiome --- intestinal transit time --- prebiotics --- sepsis --- probiotics --- microbiota --- “Infant --- lactobacilli --- human milk --- functional gastrointestinal disorders --- inulin --- fecal microbiota --- Bacillus clausii --- peak expiratory flow rate --- breast milk --- immunoglobulin E --- efficacy --- intestinal microbiota --- necrotizing enterocolitis --- pediatrics --- growth --- "Probiotics"[Mesh] --- cow's milk protein --- "Pregnancy"[Mesh] --- Newborn"[Mesh] --- "Infant