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The role of nanotechnologies in personalized medicine is rising remarkably in the last decade because of the ability of these new sensing systems to diagnose diseases from early stages and the availability of continuous screenings to characterize the efficiency of drugs and therapies for each single patient. Recent technological advancements are allowing the development of biosensors in low-cost and user-friendly platforms, thereby overcoming the last obstacle for these systems, represented by limiting costs and low yield, until now. In this context, photonic biosensors represent one of the main emerging sensing modalities because of their ability to combine high sensitivity and selectivity together with real-time operation, integrability, and compatibility with microfluidics and electric circuitry for the readout, which is fundamental for the realization of lab-on-chip systems. This book, “Photonic Biosensors: Detection, Analysis and Medical Diagnostics”, has been published thanks to the contributions of the authors and collects research articles, the content of which is expected to assume an important role in the outbreak of biosensors in the biomedical field, considering the variety of the topics that it covers, from the improvement of sensors’ performance to new, emerging applications and strategies for on-chip integrability, aiming at providing a general overview for readers on the current advancements in the biosensing field.

integrated photonics --- microfluidics --- packaging --- photonic biosensors --- optical resonators --- multiplexed sensing --- 3D printing --- wearable laser Doppler flowmetry --- blood perfusion --- wavelet analysis --- smokers --- biosensors --- optical cavity-based biosensor --- biomarker detection --- noninvasive glucose sensing --- near-infrared spectroscopy --- skin tissue reflection spectroscopy --- calibration modeling --- science-based calibration (SBC) --- blood pressure --- photoplethysmography --- derivatives of PPG --- convolutional neural network --- ensemble empirical mode decomposition --- bacteria biofilm --- optoelectronic device --- antimicrobial resistance --- biosensing --- n/a

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The first nonlinear optical effect was observed in the 19th century by John Kerr. Nonlinear optics, however, started to grow up only after the invention of the laser, when intense light sources became easily available. The seminal studies by Peter Franken and Nicolaas Bloembergen, in the 1960s, paved the way for the development of today’s nonlinear photonics, the field of research that encompasses all the studies, designs, and implementations of nonlinear optical devices that can be used for the generation, communication, and processing of information. This field has attracted significant attention, partly due to the great potential of exploiting the optical nonlinearities of new or advanced materials to induce new phenomena and achieve new functions. According to Clarivate Web of Science, almost 200,000 papers were published that refer to the topic “nonlinear optic*”. Over 36,000 papers were published in the last four years (2015–2018) with the same keyword, and over 17,000 used the keyword “nonlinear photonic*”. The present Special Issue of Micromachines aims at reviewing the current state of the art and presenting perspectives of further development. Fundamental and applicative aspects are considered, with special attention paid to hot topics that may lead to technological and scientific breakthroughs.

Technology: general issues --- GeSn --- quantum dot --- electric field --- intersubband nonlinear optics --- absorption coefficients --- refractive index changes --- pure state --- cascaded spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) --- numerical simulation --- transparent conductive oxide --- coherent perfect absorption --- epsilon-near-zero media --- light-with-light modulation --- refractive index change --- non-linear photonics --- optical fibers --- thermal poling --- numerical analysis --- extrinsic chirality --- second harmonic generation --- GaAs nanowires --- plasmonic coating --- second-harmonic generation --- waveguide --- AlGaAs --- optical frequency combs --- quadratic nonlinearity --- optical parametric oscillator --- modulation instability --- stimulated raman scattering --- fiber optics --- amplifiers --- lasers --- optical communication systems --- kerr nonlinearity --- whispering gallery mode --- optical resonators --- stimulated brillouin scattering --- optomechanical oscillations --- nonlinear optics --- stimulated Raman scattering --- microphotonics --- nanophotonics --- nonlinear waveguide --- optical microcavity --- photonics crystals --- nanocrystals --- optical resonances --- harmonic generation --- four-wave mixing --- optical switching --- sub-wavelength gratings --- Mie scattering --- Fano resonances --- guided-mode resonance --- terahertz --- nonlinear optical conversion --- complex optical systems --- adaptive imaging --- single-pixel imaging --- surface nonlinear photonics --- n/a

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• Reference Manager
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The first nonlinear optical effect was observed in the 19th century by John Kerr. Nonlinear optics, however, started to grow up only after the invention of the laser, when intense light sources became easily available. The seminal studies by Peter Franken and Nicolaas Bloembergen, in the 1960s, paved the way for the development of today’s nonlinear photonics, the field of research that encompasses all the studies, designs, and implementations of nonlinear optical devices that can be used for the generation, communication, and processing of information. This field has attracted significant attention, partly due to the great potential of exploiting the optical nonlinearities of new or advanced materials to induce new phenomena and achieve new functions. According to Clarivate Web of Science, almost 200,000 papers were published that refer to the topic “nonlinear optic*”. Over 36,000 papers were published in the last four years (2015–2018) with the same keyword, and over 17,000 used the keyword “nonlinear photonic*”. The present Special Issue of Micromachines aims at reviewing the current state of the art and presenting perspectives of further development. Fundamental and applicative aspects are considered, with special attention paid to hot topics that may lead to technological and scientific breakthroughs.

Technology: general issues --- GeSn --- quantum dot --- electric field --- intersubband nonlinear optics --- absorption coefficients --- refractive index changes --- pure state --- cascaded spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) --- numerical simulation --- transparent conductive oxide --- coherent perfect absorption --- epsilon-near-zero media --- light-with-light modulation --- refractive index change --- non-linear photonics --- optical fibers --- thermal poling --- numerical analysis --- extrinsic chirality --- second harmonic generation --- GaAs nanowires --- plasmonic coating --- second-harmonic generation --- waveguide --- AlGaAs --- optical frequency combs --- quadratic nonlinearity --- optical parametric oscillator --- modulation instability --- stimulated raman scattering --- fiber optics --- amplifiers --- lasers --- optical communication systems --- kerr nonlinearity --- whispering gallery mode --- optical resonators --- stimulated brillouin scattering --- optomechanical oscillations --- nonlinear optics --- stimulated Raman scattering --- microphotonics --- nanophotonics --- nonlinear waveguide --- optical microcavity --- photonics crystals --- nanocrystals --- optical resonances --- harmonic generation --- four-wave mixing --- optical switching --- sub-wavelength gratings --- Mie scattering --- Fano resonances --- guided-mode resonance --- terahertz --- nonlinear optical conversion --- complex optical systems --- adaptive imaging --- single-pixel imaging --- surface nonlinear photonics