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Opthalmology --- Eye Diseases

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The eye is a spectacular sensory organ, known to be sophisticated. These last years, ophthalmology and ophtalmopharmacology have strongly progressed due to technological advances. For topically administered drugs, the first structure affected is the cornea. Therefore it forms the primary rate-limiting permeability barrier to compound absorption into the anterior chamber of the eye. Ocular drug absorption into anterior ocular tissue is determined either by passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion or by active transport. The scientific literature gives us information about the expression of many transporters in the corneal epithelium which can act as drug delivery system. We can classify transporters both as influx or efflux transporters. Efflux transporters include MRP1 4,5,6 and MDR1. They play an important role in the protection of ocular tissue, indeed, the mechanism of efflux enhance ocular drug penetration. Influx transporters include peptides transporters such as PEPTs, ATB0, +, LAT They may be particularly important in absorption, distribution and clearance of their drug substrate in the eye. The discovery of such transporters in the corneal epithelium is an interesting theme of research that cans enrich the field of ophatlmopharmacology. Indeed, understanding the substrate specificity and the structure- activity relationships of various transporter proteins might make it possible to design prodrugs that are targeted to specific transporter. This point of view is very important to develop new drugs which could treat ocular pathologies such as inflammations, infections and glaucoma. Research about cornea transporters move forward and continue to grow. It is evident that the knowledge about this subject is currently quite limited. Extensive studies are needed to clarify the role and clinical significance of drug transporters in the eye but the future is promising in this regard L’œil est un organe sensoriel spectaculaire et étonnamment sophistiqué. Ces dernières années, les avancées technologiques ont permis de faire des progrès considérables en ce qui concerne l’ophtalmologie et l’ophtalmopharmacologie. Lors de l’application topique de substances actives au niveau de l’œil, la première structure touchée est la cornée. Celle-ci forme une barrière limitante et perméable à l’absorption de substances actives au niveau de la chambre antérieure de l’œil. L’absorption de tels composés se fait donc selon différents phénomènes, tels qu’un transport passif, actif ou encore un transport facilité. L’analyse de la littérature scientifique nous apprend que la cornée exprime de façon non négligeable des transporteurs. On y retrouve des transporteurs à efflux tels que le MRP1,4,5,6, MDR1, qui jouent un rôle important au niveau de la protection des tissus oculaires, en empêchant toute pénétration de substance active. On retrouve également des transporteurs à influx de type peptidiques comme les PEPTs, ATB0, +, LAT, etc... Ceux-ci sont étroitement impliqués dans l’absorption, la distribution et la clairance d’un principe actif au niveau de l’œil. La découverte de ces transporteurs au niveau de la cornée offre une cible de recherche très intéressante et apporte ainsi une réelle avancée dans le domaine de l’ophtalmopharmacologie. En effet, en connaissant la spécificité des substrats et les relations de structure-activité entre le substrat et divers transporteurs, on peut facilement imaginer la création de prodrogues qui cibleraient de manière spécifique les transporteurs, où comment transformer une molécule incapable de traverser un transporteur en un substrat idéal? Ceci est particulièrement intéressant pour les pathologies oculaires telles que les inflammations, les infections et le glaucome. La recherche sur les transporteurs de la cornée va de l’avant et ne cesse de progresser. Cependant, les connaissances à ce sujet restent limitées et d’autres études sont nécessaires pour clarifier le rôle et l’importance clinique de ces transporteurs

Eye --- Epithelium, Corneal --- Membrane Transport Proteins --- Opthalmology

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retina --- opthalmology --- journal --- clinical research --- eye --- Retina --- Vitreous body --- Ophthalmology --- Diseases --- Eye --- Corpus vitreum --- Vitreum --- Posterior segment (Eye)

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There is to date no comprehensive treatment of eye disease texts from ancient Mesopotamia, and no English translation of this material is available. This volume is the first complete edition and commentary on Mesopotamian medicine from Nineveh dealing with diseases of the eye. This ancient work, languishing in British Museum archives since the 19th century, is preserved on several large cuneiform manuscripts from the royal library of Ashurbanipal, from the 7th century BC. The longest surviving ancient work on diseased eyes, the text predates by several centuries corresponding Hippocratic treatises. The Nineveh series represents a systematic array of eye symptoms and therapies, also showing commonalities with Egyptian and Greco-Roman medicine. Since scholars of Near Eastern civilizations and ancient and general historians of medicine will need to be familiar with this material, the volume makes this aspect of Babylonian medicine fully accessible to both specialists and non-specialists, with all texts being fully translated into English.

RELIGION / Biblical Criticism & Interpretation / Old Testament. --- Cuneiform medicine. --- Mesopotamian therapy. --- eye disease. --- opthalmology. --- ophthalmology. --- Iraq --- Nineveh/Ninos. --- Mesopotamia (region) --- Middle East --- Nineveh --- Ninos (Extinct city) --- Ninus (Extinct city)