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Land assets have become an important source of financing capital investments by subnational governments in developing countries. Land assets, often with billions of dollars per transaction, rival and sometimes surpass subnational borrowing or fiscal transfers for capital spending. While reducing the uncertainty surrounding future debt repayment capacity, the use of land-based revenues for financing infrastructure can entail substantial fiscal risks. Land sales often involve less transparency than borrowing. Many sales are conducted off-budget, which makes it easier to divert proceeds into operating budgets. Capital revenues from sales of land assets exert a much more volatile trend and could create an incentive to appropriate auction proceeds for financing the operating budget, particularly in times of budget shortfalls during economic downturns. Furthermore, land collateral and expected future land-value appreciation for bank loans can be linked with macroeconomic risks. It is critical to develop ex ante prudential rules comparable to those governing borrowing, to reduce fiscal risks and the contingent liabilities associated with the land-based revenues for financing infrastructure.
Accounting --- Asset management --- Balance sheet --- Balance sheets --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Borrowing --- Capital budgets --- Debt --- Debt Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Land development --- Land prices --- Land supply --- Local governments --- Municipal Financial Management --- Operating expenses --- Potential exposure --- Present value --- Public & Municipal Finance --- Public enterprises --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Economics --- Regulatory framework --- Subnational finance --- Subnational government finance --- Subnational governments --- Systemic risk --- Urban Development
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Land assets have become an important source of financing capital investments by subnational governments in developing countries. Land assets, often with billions of dollars per transaction, rival and sometimes surpass subnational borrowing or fiscal transfers for capital spending. While reducing the uncertainty surrounding future debt repayment capacity, the use of land-based revenues for financing infrastructure can entail substantial fiscal risks. Land sales often involve less transparency than borrowing. Many sales are conducted off-budget, which makes it easier to divert proceeds into operating budgets. Capital revenues from sales of land assets exert a much more volatile trend and could create an incentive to appropriate auction proceeds for financing the operating budget, particularly in times of budget shortfalls during economic downturns. Furthermore, land collateral and expected future land-value appreciation for bank loans can be linked with macroeconomic risks. It is critical to develop ex ante prudential rules comparable to those governing borrowing, to reduce fiscal risks and the contingent liabilities associated with the land-based revenues for financing infrastructure.
Accounting --- Asset management --- Balance sheet --- Balance sheets --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Borrowing --- Capital budgets --- Debt --- Debt Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Land development --- Land prices --- Land supply --- Local governments --- Municipal Financial Management --- Operating expenses --- Potential exposure --- Present value --- Public & Municipal Finance --- Public enterprises --- Public Sector Development --- Public Sector Economics --- Regulatory framework --- Subnational finance --- Subnational government finance --- Subnational governments --- Systemic risk --- Urban Development
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This Special Edition of Energies on “Energy Storage and Management for Electric Vehicles” draws together a collection of research papers that critically evaluates key areas of innovation and novelty when designing and managing the high-voltage battery system within an electrified powertrain. The addressed topics include design optimisation, mathematical modelling, control engineering, thermal management, and component sizing.
battery charging --- lithium ion battery --- adaptive forgetting factor --- operating expenses --- cell sorting --- linear programming --- Simulink --- equivalent circuit model --- genetic algorithm --- multi-parameters sorting --- hybrid power system --- electric vehicle --- energy storage ageing and degradation --- parameter estimation --- Simscape --- supercapacitors --- state-of-health (SOH) --- battery energy storage system --- ECE15 --- efficiency --- residential battery storage --- timetable optimization --- self-discharge --- dynamic programming approach --- state of charge estimation --- regenerative energy --- fuel cell --- energy storage system --- nonlinear battery model --- charging scheme --- Li-Sulfur batteries --- Matlab --- dynamic flow rate optimization --- rule-based optimal strategy --- second-life energy storage applications --- Identification --- hybrid vehicle --- recursive least square --- thermal modelling --- zinc–nickel single-flow battery --- Luenberger observer --- HPPC --- vehicle-to-building --- ?-constraint method --- lithium-ion battery --- life cycle assessment --- parameter identification --- Lipschitz nonlinear system --- lithium titanate oxide batteries --- batteries --- battery degradation --- improved artificial bee colony --- optimal control --- thermal behaviour --- supercapacitor models --- battery cycle-life extension --- cycle-life --- self-organizing maps clustering --- principal component analysis
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Ouderwets op de bank zitten met een boek van papier? Het kan nog altijd! Het boek ‘Finance is fun! Financieel management ontcijferd' toont je de financiële wereld op een eenvoudige, no nonsens manier. Om de fun erin te houden, vind je 50 quizvragen verspreid over het boek, met antwoorden!
Financieel management. --- balansanalyse --- cashflow --- brutowinst --- eigen vermogen --- resultatenrekening --- CAPEX (Capital Expenditures) --- OPEX (Operating Expenses) --- EBITA (Earnings Before deduction of Interest, Tax and Amortisation) --- Cashflow --- оптек на пари --- fluxo de tesouraria --- паричен поток --- cash flow --- kassavirta --- rahavoog --- pinigų srautas --- betalningsflöde --- fluss tal-flus --- denarni tok --- flux de numerar --- novčani tijek --- cash-flow --- ταμειακή ροή --- новчани ток --- naudas plūsma --- fluks monetar --- cash flow per azione --- flusso di cassa --- beneficio neto y amortización --- löpande inkomster --- activo líquido --- peněžní tok --- margem bruta de autofinanciamento --- flusso di tesoreria --- löpande utgifter --- flux de trésorerie --- hotovostní toky --- готовински оптек --- tok hotovosti --- паричен тек --- εισροή-εκροή πόρων --- skillnaden mellan företagets --- margen bruto de financiación --- verfügbar erarbeitete Mittel --- прилив и одлив на пари --- pénzforgalmi egyenleg --- fluxo de caixa --- Bruttoertragsziffer --- Kapitalfluss aus Umsatz --- marge brute d'autofinancement --- готовинско плаќање --- готовински промет --- Bruttospanne der Eigenfinanzierung --- flujo de caja --- margine lordo di autofinanziamento --- балансов анализ --- mérlegelemzés --- bilances analīze --- taseanalyysi --- bilanční analýza --- balanso analizė --- analyse des bilans --- análisis de balances --- analiza bilance --- balance-sheet analysis --- analisi dei bilanci --- ανάλυση των ισολογισμών --- analiza bilanțului --- анализа биланса стања --- Bilanzanalyse --- analiza bilansu --- analizë e bilancit --- analiżi tal-karta bilanċjali --- regnskabsanalyse --- analiza bilance stanja --- анализа на биланс на состојба --- bilansianalüüs --- bilančná analýza --- balansanalys --- análise de balanços --- mérleganalízis --- bokslutsanalys --- bénéfice bruto --- équité --- compte de résultat --- anailís ar an gclár comhardaithe --- sreabhadh airgid
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