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The combination of conflict, food insecurity, and displacement generates competing claims for financial resources that stretch the donors' ability to provide funding and the humanitarian organizations' capacity to provide social assistance. The paper uses Receiver Operating Characteristic curves and related indexes to determine the optimal targeting strategy of a food voucher program for refugees. The estimations focus on the 2014 food vouchers administered by the World Food Programme to Syrian refugees in Jordan. The analysis uses data collected by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Based on a poverty model, Receiver Operating Characteristic curves are used to optimize coverage and leakage rates under budget constraints. The paper shows how policy makers can use these instruments to fine-tune targeting using coverage rates, budgets, or poverty lines as guiding principles to increase the overall efficiency of a program. As humanitarian organizations operate under increasing budget constraints and increasing demands for efficiency, the proposed approach addresses both concerns.

Food Vouchers --- Receiver Operating Characteristics Curves --- Refugees --- Targeting

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Eating disorders (ED) are a group of mental disorders characterized by an altered food intake and the presence of inappropriate behaviors and thoughts about weight and shape. All EDs lead to physical and psychosocial functioning impairments in the patients which, in turn, may contribute to the persistence of the disease. The severity of EDs has been highlighted by their chronicity, medical complications, comorbidity, and high rates of mortality. Therefore, to address this important health issue, the current Special Issue collected 21 articles (i.e., three reviews and 18 research articles) focusing on the most recent and relevant scientific findings regarding advances in ED, such as genetic and epigenetic factors, biomarkers, comorbidity, clinical phenotypes, neurocognition, treatment predictors, and treatment models and therapeutic targets. Altogether, we believe that the articles contained in this Special Issue have largely achieved the initial objective of providing increased knowledge about the pathogenesis, the risk factors, the maintenance factors, and the most appropriate treatments tools for ED.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- anorexia nervosa --- cognitive interpersonal model --- severe enduring --- physical activity --- accelerometry --- weight gain --- eating disorders --- malnutrition --- neuroimaging --- fractal dimension --- cortical complexity --- food craving --- food addiction --- emotion regulation --- event related potentials --- EEG --- neurophysiology --- psychopathology --- ASD --- comorbidity --- emotion recognition --- attention --- sensory sensitivity --- autism --- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) --- body mass index --- disordered eating behaviors --- disordered eating cognitions --- polygenic scores --- non-suicidal self-injury --- temperament --- eating disorder --- adolescence --- nocturnal eating syndrome --- sleep-related eating disorder --- parasomnia --- delayed sleep-wake phase --- MUPS --- magnetic resonance spectroscopy --- MRS --- insula --- glutamate --- N-acetylaspartate --- NAA --- epigenetics --- bulimia nervosa --- DNA methylation --- gene-environment interactions --- caloric intake --- refeeding syndrome --- refeeding protocol --- children and adolescents --- parents --- carers --- intervention --- workshop --- online intervention --- alcohol and/or drug abuse --- substance use disorder --- executive functions --- impulsivity --- emotional dysregulation --- deep brain stimulation --- psychosurgery --- clinical trial --- subcallosal cingulate --- nucleus accumbens --- high expressed emotion --- caregivers --- dance students --- disordered eating attitudes --- Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) --- mesomorphy --- ectomorphy --- Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis --- attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder --- ADHD --- longitudinal --- treatment outcome --- dropout --- rTMS --- treatment --- anorexia --- bulimia --- binge eating disorders --- restrictive anorexia nervosa --- weight recovery --- animal models --- acyl-ghrelin --- desacyl-ghrelin --- chronic food restriction --- virtual reality --- fear of gaining weight --- body anxiety --- body image disturbances --- body-related attentional bias --- n/a

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Neutrosophic theory has representatives on all continent sand, therefore, it can be said to be a universal theory. On the other hand, according to the two volumes of “The Encyclopedia of Neutrosophic Researchers” (2016, 2018) about 150 researchers from 37 countries apply the idea and the neutrosophic method. Neutrosophic theory was founded by Professor Florentin Smarandache in 1998; it constitutes further generalization of fuzzy and intuitionistic fuzzy theories. The key distinction between the neutrosophic set/logic and other types of sets/logics consists of the introduction of the degree of indeterminacy/neutrality (I) as independent component in the neutrosophic set. Thus, neutrosophic theory involves the degree of membership-truth (T), the degree of indeterminacy (I), and the degree of non-membership-falsehood (F). In recent years, the field of neutrosophic set, logic, measure, probability and statistics, precalculus and calculus etc. and their applications in multiple fields have been extended and applied in various fields, such as communication, management and information technology. The present volume gathers the latest neutrosophic techniques, methodologies or mixed approaches, being thus a barometer of the neutrosophic research in 2020.

neutrosophic topology --- neutrosophic generalized topology --- neutrosophic generalized pre-closed sets --- neutrosophic generalized pre-open sets --- neutrosophic p T 1 2 space --- neutrosophic g p T 1 2 space --- generalized neutrosophic compact and generalized neutrosophic compact --- fuzzy operating characteristic curve --- fuzzy OC band --- Birnbaum-Sunders distribution --- single acceptance sampling plan --- aggregation operator --- decision making --- neutrosophic soft expert sets --- neutrosophic soft expert multiset --- neutrosophic sets --- neutrosophic multisets --- neutrosophic multigroups --- neutrosophic multisubgroups --- bipolar neutrosophic number (BNN) --- BNN improved generalized weighted HM (BNNIGWHM) operator --- BNN improved generalized weighted geometry HM (BNNIGWGHM) operator --- decision-making --- neutrosophic cubic set --- neutrosophic cubic hybrid geometric operator --- neutrosophic cubic Einstein hybrid geometric operator --- multiattributedecision-making (MADM) --- neutrosophic set --- Zhang-Zhang’s YinYang bipolar fuzzy set --- single-valued bipolar neutrosophic set --- bipolar fuzzy set --- YinYang bipolar fuzzy set --- multiple attribute group decision making (MAGDM) --- Linguistic neutrosophic --- LNN Einstein weighted-average operator --- LNN Einstein weighted-geometry (LNNEWG) operator --- semi-idempotent --- neutrosophic rings --- modulo neutrosophic rings --- neutrosophic semi-idempotent --- neutrosophic ring --- neutrosophic triplets --- idemponents --- special neutrosophic triplets --- acceptance number --- neutrosophic approach --- operating characteristics --- risks --- sample size --- probabilistic neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy set --- distance measure --- similarity measure --- entropy measure --- multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) --- Neutrosophic Quadruple (NQ) --- Neutrosophic Quadruple set --- NQ vector spaces --- NQ linear algebras --- NQ basis --- orthogonal or dual NQ vector subspaces --- similarity index --- diagnosis --- process --- indeterminacy --- neutrosophic statistics --- time-truncated test --- Weibull distribution --- risk --- uncertainty --- neutrosophic --- neutrosophic logic --- fuzzy logic --- control chart --- neutrosophic numbers --- monitoring --- financial assets --- neutrosophicportfolio --- neutrosophic portfolio return --- neutrosophic portfolio risk --- neutrosophic covariance --- Abel-Grassmann’s neutrosophic extended triplet loop --- generalized Abel-Grassmann’s neutrosophic extended triplet loop --- strong inverse AG-groupoid --- quasi strong inverse AG-groupoid --- quasi Clifford AG-groupoid --- semigroup --- CA-groupoid --- regular CA-groupoid --- neutrosophic extended triplet (NET) --- Green relation --- multi-attribute group decision-making --- granular computing --- interval-valued neutrosophic information --- multigranulation probabilistic models --- merger and acquisition target selections --- dynamic neutrosophic environment --- dynamic interval-valued neutrosophic set --- unknown weight information --- single-valued neutrosophic linguistic set --- combined weighted --- logarithmic distance measure --- supplier selection --- fresh aquatic products --- MAGDM

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Neutrosophic theory has representatives on all continent sand, therefore, it can be said to be a universal theory. On the other hand, according to the two volumes of “The Encyclopedia of Neutrosophic Researchers” (2016, 2018) about 150 researchers from 37 countries apply the idea and the neutrosophic method. Neutrosophic theory was founded by Professor Florentin Smarandache in 1998; it constitutes further generalization of fuzzy and intuitionistic fuzzy theories. The key distinction between the neutrosophic set/logic and other types of sets/logics consists of the introduction of the degree of indeterminacy/neutrality (I) as independent component in the neutrosophic set. Thus, neutrosophic theory involves the degree of membership-truth (T), the degree of indeterminacy (I), and the degree of non-membership-falsehood (F). In recent years, the field of neutrosophic set, logic, measure, probability and statistics, precalculus and calculus etc. and their applications in multiple fields have been extended and applied in various fields, such as communication, management and information technology. The present volume gathers the latest neutrosophic techniques, methodologies or mixed approaches, being thus a barometer of the neutrosophic research in 2020.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- neutrosophic topology --- neutrosophic generalized topology --- neutrosophic generalized pre-closed sets --- neutrosophic generalized pre-open sets --- neutrosophic p T 1 2 space --- neutrosophic g p T 1 2 space --- generalized neutrosophic compact and generalized neutrosophic compact --- fuzzy operating characteristic curve --- fuzzy OC band --- Birnbaum-Sunders distribution --- single acceptance sampling plan --- aggregation operator --- decision making --- neutrosophic soft expert sets --- neutrosophic soft expert multiset --- neutrosophic sets --- neutrosophic multisets --- neutrosophic multigroups --- neutrosophic multisubgroups --- bipolar neutrosophic number (BNN) --- BNN improved generalized weighted HM (BNNIGWHM) operator --- BNN improved generalized weighted geometry HM (BNNIGWGHM) operator --- decision-making --- neutrosophic cubic set --- neutrosophic cubic hybrid geometric operator --- neutrosophic cubic Einstein hybrid geometric operator --- multiattributedecision-making (MADM) --- neutrosophic set --- Zhang-Zhang’s YinYang bipolar fuzzy set --- single-valued bipolar neutrosophic set --- bipolar fuzzy set --- YinYang bipolar fuzzy set --- multiple attribute group decision making (MAGDM) --- Linguistic neutrosophic --- LNN Einstein weighted-average operator --- LNN Einstein weighted-geometry (LNNEWG) operator --- semi-idempotent --- neutrosophic rings --- modulo neutrosophic rings --- neutrosophic semi-idempotent --- neutrosophic ring --- neutrosophic triplets --- idemponents --- special neutrosophic triplets --- acceptance number --- neutrosophic approach --- operating characteristics --- risks --- sample size --- probabilistic neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy set --- distance measure --- similarity measure --- entropy measure --- multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) --- Neutrosophic Quadruple (NQ) --- Neutrosophic Quadruple set --- NQ vector spaces --- NQ linear algebras --- NQ basis --- orthogonal or dual NQ vector subspaces --- similarity index --- diagnosis --- process --- indeterminacy --- neutrosophic statistics --- time-truncated test --- Weibull distribution --- risk --- uncertainty --- neutrosophic --- neutrosophic logic --- fuzzy logic --- control chart --- neutrosophic numbers --- monitoring --- financial assets --- neutrosophicportfolio --- neutrosophic portfolio return --- neutrosophic portfolio risk --- neutrosophic covariance --- Abel-Grassmann’s neutrosophic extended triplet loop --- generalized Abel-Grassmann’s neutrosophic extended triplet loop --- strong inverse AG-groupoid --- quasi strong inverse AG-groupoid --- quasi Clifford AG-groupoid --- semigroup --- CA-groupoid --- regular CA-groupoid --- neutrosophic extended triplet (NET) --- Green relation --- multi-attribute group decision-making --- granular computing --- interval-valued neutrosophic information --- multigranulation probabilistic models --- merger and acquisition target selections --- dynamic neutrosophic environment --- dynamic interval-valued neutrosophic set --- unknown weight information --- single-valued neutrosophic linguistic set --- combined weighted --- logarithmic distance measure --- supplier selection --- fresh aquatic products --- MAGDM --- neutrosophic topology --- neutrosophic generalized topology --- neutrosophic generalized pre-closed sets --- neutrosophic generalized pre-open sets --- neutrosophic p T 1 2 space --- neutrosophic g p T 1 2 space --- generalized neutrosophic compact and generalized neutrosophic compact --- fuzzy operating characteristic curve --- fuzzy OC band --- Birnbaum-Sunders distribution --- single acceptance sampling plan --- aggregation operator --- decision making --- neutrosophic soft expert sets --- neutrosophic soft expert multiset --- neutrosophic sets --- neutrosophic multisets --- neutrosophic multigroups --- neutrosophic multisubgroups --- bipolar neutrosophic number (BNN) --- BNN improved generalized weighted HM (BNNIGWHM) operator --- BNN improved generalized weighted geometry HM (BNNIGWGHM) operator --- decision-making --- neutrosophic cubic set --- neutrosophic cubic hybrid geometric operator --- neutrosophic cubic Einstein hybrid geometric operator --- multiattributedecision-making (MADM) --- neutrosophic set --- Zhang-Zhang’s YinYang bipolar fuzzy set --- single-valued bipolar neutrosophic set --- bipolar fuzzy set --- YinYang bipolar fuzzy set --- multiple attribute group decision making (MAGDM) --- Linguistic neutrosophic --- LNN Einstein weighted-average operator --- LNN Einstein weighted-geometry (LNNEWG) operator --- semi-idempotent --- neutrosophic rings --- modulo neutrosophic rings --- neutrosophic semi-idempotent --- neutrosophic ring --- neutrosophic triplets --- idemponents --- special neutrosophic triplets --- acceptance number --- neutrosophic approach --- operating characteristics --- risks --- sample size --- probabilistic neutrosophic hesitant fuzzy set --- distance measure --- similarity measure --- entropy measure --- multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) --- Neutrosophic Quadruple (NQ) --- Neutrosophic Quadruple set --- NQ vector spaces --- NQ linear algebras --- NQ basis --- orthogonal or dual NQ vector subspaces --- similarity index --- diagnosis --- process --- indeterminacy --- neutrosophic statistics --- time-truncated test --- Weibull distribution --- risk --- uncertainty --- neutrosophic --- neutrosophic logic --- fuzzy logic --- control chart --- neutrosophic numbers --- monitoring --- financial assets --- neutrosophicportfolio --- neutrosophic portfolio return --- neutrosophic portfolio risk --- neutrosophic covariance --- Abel-Grassmann’s neutrosophic extended triplet loop --- generalized Abel-Grassmann’s neutrosophic extended triplet loop --- strong inverse AG-groupoid --- quasi strong inverse AG-groupoid --- quasi Clifford AG-groupoid --- semigroup --- CA-groupoid --- regular CA-groupoid --- neutrosophic extended triplet (NET) --- Green relation --- multi-attribute group decision-making --- granular computing --- interval-valued neutrosophic information --- multigranulation probabilistic models --- merger and acquisition target selections --- dynamic neutrosophic environment --- dynamic interval-valued neutrosophic set --- unknown weight information --- single-valued neutrosophic linguistic set --- combined weighted --- logarithmic distance measure --- supplier selection --- fresh aquatic products --- MAGDM