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The use of wheel-individual drives on the steered axle simultaneously enables propulsion and implementation of steering assistance. This work presents a closed-loop and open-loop method for controlling wheel-selective drives with the aim of reducing the steering wheel torque. The proposed optimal linear-quadratic-integral controller achieves a high control quality while ensuring driving safety and reducing energy consumption.
Mechanical engineering & materials --- wheel individual --- steering assistance --- steering torque --- closed-loop control --- Open-loop control --- radselektiv --- Lenkkraftunterstützung --- Lenkradmoment --- Regelung --- Steuerung
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Energy consumption and economic growth have been of great interest to researchers and policy-makers. Knowing the actual causal relationship between energy and the economy with respect to environmental degradation has important implications for modeling environmental and growth policies. The eleven chapters included herein aim to help researchers, academicians, and especially decision-makers to understand relevant issues and adopt appropriate methods to tackle and solve relevant environmental problems. Various methods from different disciplines are proposed and applied to various environmental and energy issues.
expected utility maximization --- decoupling theory --- urban utility tunnel --- sensitivity analysis --- environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) --- economic systems --- structural decomposition analysis --- thermodynamic cycles --- sustainable wind energy management --- environmental engineering --- energy commodities --- hedging strategies --- energy consumption --- industrialization --- energy --- waste --- Analytic Hierarchy Process --- panel data --- rank reversal --- economy --- industrial CO2 emission --- sustainability --- sustainable development --- energy-related carbon emissions --- Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis --- Shapley value --- Kaya identity --- circular economy --- minimum-variance hedge ratio --- MESSAGE model --- fixed assets investment --- life cycle cost --- Analytic Network Process --- environmental efficiency --- Pakistan --- data envelopment analysis --- embodied energy --- carbon emissions --- district distributed power plants --- economic benefit evaluation --- differential GMM estimation --- linearization --- effectiveness --- dynamic hybrid input–output model --- environment quality cointegration --- cost allocation --- risk aversion --- environment --- 3E --- financial development --- LMDI approach --- differential games --- energy recovery --- resource dependence theory --- open-loop control systems --- Tapio decoupling model --- uncertain dynamic systems
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This book details the advanced actuators for IEVs and the control algorithm design. In the actuator design, the configuration four-wheel independent drive/steering electric vehicles is reviewed. An in-wheel two-speed AMT with selectable one-way clutch is designed for IEV. Considering uncertainties, the optimization design for the planetary gear train of IEV is conducted. An electric power steering system is designed for IEV. In addition, advanced control algorithms are proposed in favour of active safety improvement. A supervision mechanism is applied to the segment drift control of autonomous driving. Double super-resolution network is used to design the intelligent driving algorithm. Torque distribution control technology and four-wheel steering technology are utilized for path tracking and adaptive cruise control. To advance the control accuracy, advanced estimation algorithms are studied in this book. The tyre-road peak friction coefficient under full slip rate range is identified based on the normalized tyre model. The pressure of the electro-hydraulic brake system is estimated based on signal fusion. Besides, a multi-semantic driver behaviour recognition model of autonomous vehicles is designed using confidence fusion mechanism. Moreover, a mono-vision based lateral localization system of low-cost autonomous vehicles is proposed with deep learning curb detection. To sum up, the discussed advanced actuators, control and estimation algorithms are beneficial to the active safety improvement of IEVs.
Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Mechanical engineering & materials --- curb detection --- intelligent vehicles --- autonomous driving --- electro-hydraulic brake system --- master cylinder pressure estimation --- vehicle longitudinal dynamics --- brake linings’ coefficient of friction --- ACC --- safety evaluation --- human-like evaluation --- naturalistic driving study --- driving behavior characteristic --- electric vehicles --- independent drive --- direct yaw control --- torque distribution --- ultra-wideband --- relative localization --- enhanced precision --- clock self-correction --- homotopy --- Levenberg–Marquardt --- electric power steering --- steering actuator --- driverless racing vehicles --- control --- autonomous vehicles --- lane-changing --- decision-making --- path planning --- four-wheel independent drive --- four-wheel independent steering --- path tracking --- handling stability --- active safety control --- electric vehicle --- intelligent sanitation vehicle --- trash can-handling robot --- truss structure --- multi-objective parameter optimization --- topology optimization --- discrete optimization --- multiple load cases --- intelligent electric vehicles --- driver behavior recognition --- multi-semantic description --- confidence fusion --- drift parking --- open-loop control --- supervision mechanism --- two-speed AMT --- in-wheel-drive --- shifting process --- selectable one-way clutch --- five-degree-of-freedom vehicle model --- pressure–position model --- recursive least square --- advanced driver assistant systems --- adaptive cruise control --- direct yaw moment control --- extension control --- model predictive control --- optimization design --- vehicle structure design --- uncertainty --- deceleration device --- tyre-road peak friction coefficient estimation --- tyre model --- normalization --- incentive sensitivity --- four-wheel steering --- semantic segmentation --- high-resolution atlas training --- super-resolution --- curb detection --- intelligent vehicles --- autonomous driving --- electro-hydraulic brake system --- master cylinder pressure estimation --- vehicle longitudinal dynamics --- brake linings’ coefficient of friction --- ACC --- safety evaluation --- human-like evaluation --- naturalistic driving study --- driving behavior characteristic --- electric vehicles --- independent drive --- direct yaw control --- torque distribution --- ultra-wideband --- relative localization --- enhanced precision --- clock self-correction --- homotopy --- Levenberg–Marquardt --- electric power steering --- steering actuator --- driverless racing vehicles --- control --- autonomous vehicles --- lane-changing --- decision-making --- path planning --- four-wheel independent drive --- four-wheel independent steering --- path tracking --- handling stability --- active safety control --- electric vehicle --- intelligent sanitation vehicle --- trash can-handling robot --- truss structure --- multi-objective parameter optimization --- topology optimization --- discrete optimization --- multiple load cases --- intelligent electric vehicles --- driver behavior recognition --- multi-semantic description --- confidence fusion --- drift parking --- open-loop control --- supervision mechanism --- two-speed AMT --- in-wheel-drive --- shifting process --- selectable one-way clutch --- five-degree-of-freedom vehicle model --- pressure–position model --- recursive least square --- advanced driver assistant systems --- adaptive cruise control --- direct yaw moment control --- extension control --- model predictive control --- optimization design --- vehicle structure design --- uncertainty --- deceleration device --- tyre-road peak friction coefficient estimation --- tyre model --- normalization --- incentive sensitivity --- four-wheel steering --- semantic segmentation --- high-resolution atlas training --- super-resolution
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Optical microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), microoptoelectromechanical systems (MOEMS), or optical microsystems are devices or systems that interact with light through actuation or sensing at a micro- or millimeter scale. Optical MEMS have had enormous commercial success in projectors, displays, and fiberoptic communications. The best-known example is Texas Instruments’ digital micromirror devices (DMDs). The development of optical MEMS was impeded seriously by the Telecom Bubble in 2000. Fortunately, DMDs grew their market size even in that economy downturn. Meanwhile, in the last one and half decade, the optical MEMS market has been slowly but steadily recovering. During this time, the major technological change was the shift of thin-film polysilicon microstructures to single-crystal–silicon microsructures. Especially in the last few years, cloud data centers are demanding large-port optical cross connects (OXCs) and autonomous driving looks for miniature LiDAR, and virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/AR) demands tiny optical scanners. This is a new wave of opportunities for optical MEMS. Furthermore, several research institutes around the world have been developing MOEMS devices for extreme applications (very fine tailoring of light beam in terms of phase, intensity, or wavelength) and/or extreme environments (vacuum, cryogenic temperatures) for many years. Accordingly, this Special Issue seeks to showcase research papers, short communications, and review articles that focus on (1) novel design, fabrication, control, and modeling of optical MEMS devices based on all kinds of actuation/sensing mechanisms; and (2) new developments of applying optical MEMS devices of any kind in consumer electronics, optical communications, industry, biology, medicine, agriculture, physics, astronomy, space, or defense.
stray light --- input shaping --- n/a --- wavefront sensing --- signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) --- LC micro-lenses controlled electrically --- infrared --- intraoperative microscope --- MEMS mirror --- MLSSP --- ocular aberrations --- MEMS scanning micromirror --- electrothermal actuation --- electrothermal bimorph --- open-loop control --- wavelength dependent loss (WDL) --- NIR fluorescence --- infrared Fabry–Perot (FP) filtering --- two-photon --- resonant MEMS scanner --- residual oscillation --- 3D measurement --- parametric resonance --- digital micromirror device --- quality map --- metalens --- flame retardant 4 (FR4) --- angle sensor --- optical switch --- metasurface --- vibration noise --- optical coherence tomography --- spectrometer --- reliability --- quasistatic actuation --- Huygens’ metalens --- confocal --- large reflection variations --- electrostatic --- dual-mode liquid-crystal (LC) device --- field of view (FOV) --- scanning micromirror --- fluorescence confocal --- variable optical attenuator (VOA) --- micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) --- microscanner --- laser stripe width --- polarization dependent loss (PDL) --- fringe projection --- 2D Lissajous --- usable scan range --- laser stripe scanning --- bio-optical imaging --- MEMS scanning mirror --- digital micromirror device (DMD) --- Cu/W bimorph --- echelle grating --- achromatic --- DMD chip --- tunable fiber laser --- programmable spectral filter --- higher-order modes --- electromagnetic actuator --- infrared Fabry-Perot (FP) filtering --- Huygens' metalens
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This book details the advanced actuators for IEVs and the control algorithm design. In the actuator design, the configuration four-wheel independent drive/steering electric vehicles is reviewed. An in-wheel two-speed AMT with selectable one-way clutch is designed for IEV. Considering uncertainties, the optimization design for the planetary gear train of IEV is conducted. An electric power steering system is designed for IEV. In addition, advanced control algorithms are proposed in favour of active safety improvement. A supervision mechanism is applied to the segment drift control of autonomous driving. Double super-resolution network is used to design the intelligent driving algorithm. Torque distribution control technology and four-wheel steering technology are utilized for path tracking and adaptive cruise control. To advance the control accuracy, advanced estimation algorithms are studied in this book. The tyre-road peak friction coefficient under full slip rate range is identified based on the normalized tyre model. The pressure of the electro-hydraulic brake system is estimated based on signal fusion. Besides, a multi-semantic driver behaviour recognition model of autonomous vehicles is designed using confidence fusion mechanism. Moreover, a mono-vision based lateral localization system of low-cost autonomous vehicles is proposed with deep learning curb detection. To sum up, the discussed advanced actuators, control and estimation algorithms are beneficial to the active safety improvement of IEVs.
Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Mechanical engineering & materials --- curb detection --- intelligent vehicles --- autonomous driving --- electro-hydraulic brake system --- master cylinder pressure estimation --- vehicle longitudinal dynamics --- brake linings’ coefficient of friction --- ACC --- safety evaluation --- human-like evaluation --- naturalistic driving study --- driving behavior characteristic --- electric vehicles --- independent drive --- direct yaw control --- torque distribution --- ultra-wideband --- relative localization --- enhanced precision --- clock self-correction --- homotopy --- Levenberg–Marquardt --- electric power steering --- steering actuator --- driverless racing vehicles --- control --- autonomous vehicles --- lane-changing --- decision-making --- path planning --- four-wheel independent drive --- four-wheel independent steering --- path tracking --- handling stability --- active safety control --- electric vehicle --- intelligent sanitation vehicle --- trash can-handling robot --- truss structure --- multi-objective parameter optimization --- topology optimization --- discrete optimization --- multiple load cases --- intelligent electric vehicles --- driver behavior recognition --- multi-semantic description --- confidence fusion --- drift parking --- open-loop control --- supervision mechanism --- two-speed AMT --- in-wheel-drive --- shifting process --- selectable one-way clutch --- five-degree-of-freedom vehicle model --- pressure–position model --- recursive least square --- advanced driver assistant systems --- adaptive cruise control --- direct yaw moment control --- extension control --- model predictive control --- optimization design --- vehicle structure design --- uncertainty --- deceleration device --- tyre-road peak friction coefficient estimation --- tyre model --- normalization --- incentive sensitivity --- four-wheel steering --- semantic segmentation --- high-resolution atlas training --- super-resolution
Choose an application
This book details the advanced actuators for IEVs and the control algorithm design. In the actuator design, the configuration four-wheel independent drive/steering electric vehicles is reviewed. An in-wheel two-speed AMT with selectable one-way clutch is designed for IEV. Considering uncertainties, the optimization design for the planetary gear train of IEV is conducted. An electric power steering system is designed for IEV. In addition, advanced control algorithms are proposed in favour of active safety improvement. A supervision mechanism is applied to the segment drift control of autonomous driving. Double super-resolution network is used to design the intelligent driving algorithm. Torque distribution control technology and four-wheel steering technology are utilized for path tracking and adaptive cruise control. To advance the control accuracy, advanced estimation algorithms are studied in this book. The tyre-road peak friction coefficient under full slip rate range is identified based on the normalized tyre model. The pressure of the electro-hydraulic brake system is estimated based on signal fusion. Besides, a multi-semantic driver behaviour recognition model of autonomous vehicles is designed using confidence fusion mechanism. Moreover, a mono-vision based lateral localization system of low-cost autonomous vehicles is proposed with deep learning curb detection. To sum up, the discussed advanced actuators, control and estimation algorithms are beneficial to the active safety improvement of IEVs.
curb detection --- intelligent vehicles --- autonomous driving --- electro-hydraulic brake system --- master cylinder pressure estimation --- vehicle longitudinal dynamics --- brake linings’ coefficient of friction --- ACC --- safety evaluation --- human-like evaluation --- naturalistic driving study --- driving behavior characteristic --- electric vehicles --- independent drive --- direct yaw control --- torque distribution --- ultra-wideband --- relative localization --- enhanced precision --- clock self-correction --- homotopy --- Levenberg–Marquardt --- electric power steering --- steering actuator --- driverless racing vehicles --- control --- autonomous vehicles --- lane-changing --- decision-making --- path planning --- four-wheel independent drive --- four-wheel independent steering --- path tracking --- handling stability --- active safety control --- electric vehicle --- intelligent sanitation vehicle --- trash can-handling robot --- truss structure --- multi-objective parameter optimization --- topology optimization --- discrete optimization --- multiple load cases --- intelligent electric vehicles --- driver behavior recognition --- multi-semantic description --- confidence fusion --- drift parking --- open-loop control --- supervision mechanism --- two-speed AMT --- in-wheel-drive --- shifting process --- selectable one-way clutch --- five-degree-of-freedom vehicle model --- pressure–position model --- recursive least square --- advanced driver assistant systems --- adaptive cruise control --- direct yaw moment control --- extension control --- model predictive control --- optimization design --- vehicle structure design --- uncertainty --- deceleration device --- tyre-road peak friction coefficient estimation --- tyre model --- normalization --- incentive sensitivity --- four-wheel steering --- semantic segmentation --- high-resolution atlas training --- super-resolution
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