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A wide-ranging illustrated history of transparency as told through the evolution of the glass window Transparency is a mantra of our day. It is key to the Western understanding of a liberal society. We expect transparency from, for instance, political institutions, corporations, and the media. But how did it become such a powerful—and global—idea? From ancient glass to Apple’s corporate headquarters, this book is the first to probe how Western people have experienced, conceptualized, and evaluated transparency. Daniel Jütte argues that the experience of transparency has been inextricably linked to one element of Western architecture: the glass window. Windows are meant to be unnoticed. Yet a historical perspective reveals the role that glass has played in shaping how we see and interpret the world. A seemingly “pure” material, glass has been endowed, throughout history, with political, social, and cultural meaning, in manifold and sometimes conflicting ways. At the same time, Jütte raises questions about the future of vitreous transparency—its costs in terms of visual privacy but also its ecological price tag in an age of accelerating climate change.

Transparency. --- Opacity (Optics) --- Transparency (Philosophy) --- Transparency

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Cosmic dust --- Opacity (Optics) --- Spiral galaxies --- Optical properties --- Congresses.

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The book aims to the description of recent progress in studies of light absorption and scattering in turbid media. In particular, light scattering/oceanic optics/snow optics research community will greatly benefit from the publication of this book.

Light absorption. --- Absorption of light --- Light --- Optical absorption --- Absorption --- Opacity (Optics)

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This book takes a fresh, holistic approach to the problems of light absorption and absorbers in seawaters, discussing the fundamentals of light absorption at various depths in seawaters of different trophicity by absorbers of diverse origin. The authors have drawn their information from a substantial body of contemporary research results published in the subject literature (over 700 references) as well as their own work during the last 30 years. No other book presently available examines the issues of light absorption and absorbers in seawaters in such a manner. The book is intended primarily for students, engineers and scientists professionally involved with the marine environment; nevertheless, the authors hope that it will also find favor among all who take an interest in the nature of our Earth, especially the seas and oceans. The components most strongly differentiating the various types of sea/ocean waters from the optical point of view – the water itself, the organic and inorganic substances dissolved in it, and the manifold particles suspended in it – receive comprehensive treatment. The spectral absorption of light by pure water in its various states of matter and by atoms and ions of sea salt is also given ample coverage. The interaction of light with various kinds of organic molecules is analyzed in detail, as are the light absorption spectra of the principal groups of these substances present in the sea in dissolved form. The physical and chemical properties, as well as the optical constants, of organic and inorganic suspended particulate matter (SPM), are discussed in the context of their relationship to the light absorption properties of SPM. Special emphasis is placed on the role of the phytoplankton and the pigments it contains which are particularly strong and important absorbers of visible light in the sea. The authors are professors of physics with practical experience in the field of marine research going back 35 (BW) and 45 (JD) years. They are also the authors of a large number of research papers and several books, e.g., J. Dera, Marine Physics (Elsevier (The Netherlands) and PWN (Poland)), W. Smekot-Wensierski, B. Wozniak et al. Absorptionseigenschaften des marinen Phytoplanktons [Absorption properties of marine phytoplankton] (GKSS-Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, Germany).

Seawater --- Light absorption. --- Underwater light. --- Optical properties. --- Submarine light --- Underwater illumination --- Light --- Absorption of light --- Optical absorption --- Absorption --- Opacity (Optics) --- Optical oceanography

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Although the compression ignition (C.I.) engine, invented by Rudolf Diesel, was originally intended to work with pure vegetable oils as fuel, more than a century ago, it was adapted to be used with a fuel of fossil origin, obtained from oil. Therefore, there would be no technical difficulties in returning to the primitive design of using biofuels of renewable origin, such as vegetable oils. The main drawback is found in the one billion C.I. engines which are currently in use, which would have to undergo a modification in the injection system in order to adapt them to the higher viscosity of vegetable oils in comparison to that of fossil fuels. Thus, the gradual incorporation of biofuels as substitutes of fossil fuels is mandatory.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- biodiesel --- Ecodiesel --- selective ethanolysis --- sunflower oil --- Lipozyme RM IM --- Rhizomucor miehei --- ANOVA method --- response surface methodology --- gasoline oil blends --- castor oil --- biofuel --- diesel engine --- electricity generator --- smoke opacity --- Bacharach opacity --- straight vegetable oils (SVO) --- glycerol --- heterogeneous catalysis --- etherification --- isobutene --- tert-Butyl alcohol --- oxygenated fuel additives --- hydrogen production --- photo-reforming --- Ni/TiO2 --- transesterification --- Aspergillus terreus lipase --- polydopamine --- immobilization --- RSM --- fuel properties --- diethyl ether --- Bosch smoke number --- vacuum fractionation --- fuel --- fatty acids composition --- ethyl acetate --- straight vegetable oils --- vegetable oil blends --- biofuels --- soot emissions --- engine power output