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Olfaction --- Reukzintuig --- 612.86
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NEURAL NETWORK SIMULATION (BIOLOGICAL) --- OLFACTION --- NEURAL NETWORK SIMULATION (BIOLOGICAL) --- OLFACTION
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Vespidae --- Vespidae --- Olfaction --- Olfaction --- Communication --- Communication --- gene location --- gene location
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Pourquoi un « Essentiel » consacré à l’odorat, sens réputé mineur, primaire, voire bestial ? C’est ce préjugé, bien ancré dans la culture occidentale, que ce petit livre souhaite ébranler fortement ! Aujourd’hui, en effet, le nez, l’olfaction et les senteurs, si longtemps relégués par les mœurs et dédaignés par la connaissance, intéressent et bouleversent tous les domaines du savoir. De l’Antiquité à nos jours, de l’Orient à l’Occident, des neurosciences à la philosophie, cet ouvrage réunit les contributions de chercheurs venus de tous les horizons. Chacun s’attache à dévoiler le rôle, jusqu’ici insoupçonné, joué par notre nez dans nos processus de communication avec autrui. Loin d’être un résidu de l’animalité, celui-ci nourrit l’imaginaire, participe à l’élaboration de notre savoir et inspire nos échanges. Ainsi l’odorat est-il expérience partagée et, comme le disait Bachelard, « le premier témoignage de notre fusion au monde ».
Communication --- communication --- odorat --- nez --- olfaction --- senteurs
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Background: The olfactory function is more than ever subject to assessment in daily practice. Unfortunately the available tests suffer from an important response bias. The psychophysical tests are only semi-objectives and are unfit for unreliable patients (children, dements, expertise cases). In other hand, the electrophysiological testing needs the use of selective compounds for olfactory and trigeminal system, as well as strictly stable examination conditions. Besides these restrictions, up to 30% normosmic patients show no EEG response to olfactory stimulation in usual time domain analysis. The time-frequency analysis allows bypassing this bias, offering a more accurate representation of cerebral response to olfactory and trigeminal stimulation. Objectives: In this study, we assessed prospectively the unirhinale psychophysical and electrophysiological assessment of the olfactory and trigeminal functions of several etiologies and variables (age, sex, psychophysical function, presence of qualitative olfactory troubles).Methods: 18 patients were included in 4 groups depending on the etiology of their dysosmia (5 in post infectious "PI", 4 in posttraumatic "PT", 2 in chronic rhinosinusitis "RSC", 7 in idiopathic "ID"). Their olfactory and trigeminal functions have been assessed using unirhinally psychophysical testing (detection threshold, discrimination, identification) and electrophysiological recording of olfactory event-related potentials. Time-frequency analysis was used to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. These results were then compared with several factors. Results: As compared to the others, RSC patients show increased amplitude in OLF-TF2b, when PT have a decreased latency in TRI-TF1. Concerning the other variables, we were able to show significant correlations with the ROI of the TF maps for the olfactory and trigeminal stimulation. The most significant links were a direct correlation with the frequency in OLF-TF2b and a negative correlation with the latency in TRI-TF2 for the age. Conclusion: Although this study may not have a strong power due to its low cohort, it was able to show some significant links between the chemosensory stimulation and the TF maps. Bases : La fonction olfactive fait de plus en plus l'objet d'évaluation en pratique clinique. Malheureusement, les tests disponibles à cet effet présentent un biais de réponse important. En effet, les tests psycho-physiques, les plus souvent employés en pratique courante, ne sont que semi-objectifs et dépendent de la participation active du patient. Leur utilisation est donc limitée lors d'investigations chez des patients peu fiables (enfants, déments, expertises médicales). L'électrophysiologie quant à elle nécessite l'utilisation de produits activant sélectivement les systèmes olfactifs et trigéminaux, dans des conditions d'examen maintenues strictement constantes. En plus de ces restrictions, jusqu'à un tiers des patients normosmiques ne présentent pas de réponse EEG à la stimulation olfactive dans les analyses typiques de moyenne d’âge temporel utilisées. L'analyse temps-fréquence a permis de contrer ce biais et offre une représentation plus précise de la réponse cérébrale aux stimuli olfactifs et trigéminaux. Objectif : Ce mémoire vise donc à évaluer la réponse temps-fréquence unirhinale dans différentes étiologies de dysosmies et selon différentes variables (âge, sexe, fonction olfactive psychophysique, présence de troubles olfactifs qualitatifs) de manière prospective. Méthode : 18 participants ont été inclus, classés en 4 groupes selon l'étiologie de leur dysosmie (5 post-infectieuses « PI », 4 post-traumatiques « PT », 2 rhino-sinusites chronique« RSC », 7 idiopathiques « ID »), ont subi une mise au point de la fonction olfactive et trigéminale, de manière prospective et unirhinale. Ils ont été répartis en différents groupes selon l'étiologie de leur dysosmie, déterminée suite à un bilan médical complet Résultats : Comparés aux autres groupes d'étiologie, les patients RSC présentent une amplitude plus élevée en OLF-TF2b, alors que les PT montrent une latence plus basse en TRI-TF1. Pour les autres variables, nous sommes parvenus à montrer des corrélations significatives avec les ROI des cartes TF pour les stimulations chémosensorielles olfactives et trigéminales. Parmi les résultats les plus significatifs, notons une corrélation directe avec la fréquence en OLF-TF2b, de même qu'une corrélation inverse avec la latence en TRI-TF2 pour l'âge. Conclusion : Bien que basé sur un petit effectif de patients, nous sommes parvenus à montrer des corrélations significatives entre les stimulations chémosensorielles olfactives et trigéminales et les cartes TF.
Neurophysiology --- Olfaction Disorders --- Evoked Potentials, Auditory
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Olfaction. --- Olfactory. --- Rodent. --- Social behavior. --- Social.
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In people's minds, smells, flavors and affective phenomena are perceived as closely linked. But is it genuinely the case? The scientific study of this question is a rapidly expanding field, both in healthy and in clinical populations. Although still under-studied in comparison to other sensory modalities, chemical senses have proven to bring unique knowledge in the understanding of affective phenomena. In this context, this Research Topic is aimed to offer a snapshot of the present knowledge and questions raised in this field. Topics include, but are not limited to: affects elicited by odors and/or flavors in different individuals, contexts or cultures; emotional potency of odors in guiding human behavior and cognition (e.g. attention, memory formation, decisions and choices, withdrawal and approach behavior); affects communicated by body odors; affect regulation disorders and chemosensory perception. Studies on the biological underpinnings of these effects are also included.
emotion --- Valence --- Affective Neuroscience --- Olfaction --- Chemosensory Communication
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In people's minds, smells, flavors and affective phenomena are perceived as closely linked. But is it genuinely the case? The scientific study of this question is a rapidly expanding field, both in healthy and in clinical populations. Although still under-studied in comparison to other sensory modalities, chemical senses have proven to bring unique knowledge in the understanding of affective phenomena. In this context, this Research Topic is aimed to offer a snapshot of the present knowledge and questions raised in this field. Topics include, but are not limited to: affects elicited by odors and/or flavors in different individuals, contexts or cultures; emotional potency of odors in guiding human behavior and cognition (e.g. attention, memory formation, decisions and choices, withdrawal and approach behavior); affects communicated by body odors; affect regulation disorders and chemosensory perception. Studies on the biological underpinnings of these effects are also included.
emotion --- Valence --- Affective Neuroscience --- Olfaction --- Chemosensory Communication
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In humans, the perception of odours adds a fourth dimension to life, from the scent of flowers, the aroma of foods, and all the subtle smells in the environment. But how many types of odours can we distinguish ? Why do we like the food we like ? Which are the most powerful odorants, and how well does the human sense of smell perform compared with that of a dog or a butterfly ? The sense of smell is highly complex, and such complexity discouraged scientists for a long time, leaving the world of smell in an atmosphere of mystery. Only recently, thanks to the new tools furnished by molecular biology and neuroscience, are we beginning to answer these questions, uncovering the hidden secrets of our sense of smell, and decoding the language used by most animals to communicate. In this book, Paolo Pelosi, one of the leading figures in the development of the science of olfaction, recounts how the chemical alphabet behind smell has been pieced together over the past three decades. Drawing on anecdotes from his own scientific career, and celebrating the rich variety of smells from herbs to flowers to roast coffee and freshly baked bread, he weaves together an engaging and remarkable account of the science behind the most elusive of our senses.
Smell --- Odorat --- Perception olfactive --- Reuk --- 612.86 --- Smell (olfaction) --- 612.86 Smell (olfaction) --- Odorat. --- Perception olfactive.
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