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Americans have long cherished romantic images of the frontier and its colorful cast of characters, where the cowboys are always rugged and the ladies always fragile. But in this book, Peter Boag opens an extraordinary window onto the real Old West. Delving into countless primary sources and surveying sexological and literary sources, Boag paints a vivid picture of a West where cross-dressing-for both men and women-was pervasive, and where easterners as well as Mexicans and even Indians could redefine their gender and sexual identities. Boag asks, why has this history been forgotten and erased? Citing a cultural moment at the turn of the twentieth century-when the frontier ended, the United States entered the modern era, and homosexuality was created as a category-Boag shows how the American people, and thus the American nation, were bequeathed an unambiguous heterosexual identity.

Gender-nonconforming people --- Gender identity --- Homosexuality --- History --- american history. --- american indians. --- american west. --- cross dressing. --- easterners. --- frontier life. --- gender and sexuality. --- gender identities. --- gender studies. --- historians. --- historical. --- homosexuality. --- literary history. --- mexicans. --- native americans. --- nonfiction. --- old west culture. --- old west. --- psychology of sexuality. --- queer studies. --- romantic history. --- romantic images. --- sexological perspective. --- sexual identities. --- united states. --- us history. --- western frontier.

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At a time when women could not vote and very few were involved in the world outside the home, Annie Montague Alexander (1867-1950) was an intrepid explorer, amateur naturalist, skilled markswoman, philanthropist, farmer, and founder and patron of two natural history museums at the University of California, Berkeley. Barbara R. Stein presents a luminous portrait of this remarkable woman, a pioneer who helped shape the world of science in California, yet whose name has been little known until now. Alexander's father founded a Hawaiian sugar empire, and his great wealth afforded his adventurous daughter the opportunity to pursue her many interests. Stein portrays Alexander as a complex, intelligent, woman who--despite her frail appearance--was determined to achieve something with her life. Along with Louise Kellogg, her partner of forty years, Alexander collected thousands of animal, plant, and fossil specimens throughout western North America. Their collections serve as an invaluable record of the flora and fauna that were beginning to disappear as the West succumbed to spiraling population growth, urbanization, and agricultural development. Today at least seventeen taxa are named for Alexander, and several others honor Kellogg, who continued to make field trips after Alexander's death. Alexander's dealings with scientists and her encouragement--and funding--of women to do field research earned her much admiration, even from those with whom she clashed. Stein's extensive use of archival material, including excerpts from correspondence and diaries, allows us to see Annie Alexander as a keen observer of human nature who loved women and believed in their capabilities. Her legacy endures in the fields of zoology and paleontology and also in the lives of women who seek to follow their own star to the fullest degree possible.

Zoologists --- Alexander, Annie Montague, --- Science --- Alexander, Annie Montague --- anno 1800-1899 --- anno 1900-1999 --- United States --- adventure. --- american west. --- annie montague alexander. --- berkeley. --- biography. --- california. --- conservation. --- environment. --- explorer. --- extinction. --- female scientists. --- feminism. --- field research. --- fossils. --- gender. --- hawaii. --- historical women. --- history. --- lesbian. --- lgbt. --- lgbtqia. --- louise kellogg. --- markswoman. --- natural history museum. --- naturalist. --- nonfiction. --- old west. --- paleontology. --- philanthropist. --- pioneer. --- radical women. --- sugar empire. --- the west. --- travel. --- urbanization. --- women and science. --- women in history. --- women in science. --- women in stem. --- womens studies. --- zoology. --- United States of America --- Biography --- Book